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Week 9 Terms
Endocrine System Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adrenal glands | endocrine glands located at the top of each kidney that are important for the regulation of the stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, water homeostasis, and electrolyte levels |
| aldosterone | hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex that stimulates sodium and fluid retention and increases blood volume and blood pressure |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | hypothalamic hormone that is stored by the posterior pituitary and that signals the kidneys to reabsorb water |
| autocrine | chemical signal that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it |
| calcitonin | peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland that functions to decrease blood calcium levels |
| downregulation | decrease in the number of hormone receptors, typically in response to chronically excessive levels of a hormone |
| endocrine gland | tissue or organ that secretes hormones into the blood and lymph without ducts such that they may be transported to organs distant from the site of secretion |
| endocrine system | cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function and play an integral role in normal bodily processes |
| epinephrine | primary and most potent catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress; also called adrenaline |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | protein hormone secreted in response to low oxygen levels that triggers the bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
| estrogens | class of predominantly female sex hormones important for the development and growth of the female reproductive tract, secondary sex characteristics, the female reproductive cycle, and the maintenance of pregnancy |
| exocrine system | cells, tissues, and organs that secrete substances directly to target tissues via glandular ducts |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells |
| glucagon | pancreatic hormone that stimulates the catabolism of glycogen to glucose, thereby increasing blood glucose levels |
| growth hormone (GH) | anterior pituitary hormone that promotes tissue building and influences nutrient metabolism (also called somatotropin) |
| hormone | secretion of an endocrine organ that travels via the bloodstream or lymphatics to induce a response in target cells or tissues in another part of the body |
| hormone receptor | protein within a cell or on the cell membrane that binds a hormone, initiating the target cell response |
| hypothalamus | region of the diencephalon inferior to the thalamus that functions in neural and endocrine signaling |
| inhibin | hormone secreted by the male and female gonads that inhibits FSH production by the anterior pituitary |
| insulin | pancreatic hormone that enhances the cellular uptake and utilization of glucose, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels |
| leptin | protein hormone secreted by adipose tissues in response to food consumption that promotes satiety |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | anterior pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and the production of ovarian hormones in females, and the production of testosterone in males |
| melatonin | amino acid–derived hormone that is secreted in response to low light and causes drowsiness |
| norepinephrine | secondary catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress; also called noradrenaline |
| osmoreceptor | hypothalamic sensory receptor that is stimulated by changes in solute concentration (osmotic pressure) in the blood |
| oxytocin | hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland and important in stimulating uterine contractions in labor, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and feelings of attachment (also produced in males) |
| pancreas | organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions located posterior to the stomach that is important for digestion and the regulation of blood glucose |
| paracrine | chemical signal that elicits a response in neighboring cells; also called paracrine factor |
| parathyroid glands | small, round glands embedded in the posterior thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) | peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels |
| pineal gland | endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, which is important in regulating the sleep-wake cycle |
| pituitary gland | bean-sized organ suspended from the hypothalamus that produces, stores, and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulation (also called hypophysis) |
| progesterone | predominantly female sex hormone important in regulating the female reproductive cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy |
| prolactin (PRL) | anterior pituitary hormone that promotes development of the mammary glands and the production of breast milk |
| second messenger | molecule that initiates a signaling cascade in response to hormone binding on a cell membrane receptor and activation of a G protein |
| testosterone | steroid hormone secreted by the male testes and important in the maturation of sperm cells, growth and development of the male reproductive system, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics |
| thymosins | hormones produced and secreted by the thymus that play an important role in the development and differentiation of T cells |
| thymus | organ that is involved in the development and maturation of T-cells and is particularly active during infancy and childhood |
| thyroid gland | large endocrine gland responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | anterior pituitary hormone that triggers secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (also called thyrotropin) |
| thyroxine | (also, tetraiodothyronine, T4) amino acid–derived thyroid hormone that is more abundant but less potent than T3 and often converted to T3 by target cells |
| triiodothyronine | (also, T3) amino acid–derived thyroid hormone that is less abundant but more potent than T4 |
| upregulation | increase in the number of hormone receptors, typically in response to chronically reduced levels of a hormone |
Created by:
Btownsley85
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