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muscle (eastham)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. | Contractility |
| The capacity of the skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability |
| The ability to be stretched. | Extensibility |
| The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. | Elasticity |
| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ______________. | Epimysium |
| ________ is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. | Fascia |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called _______ __________. | Muscle Fasciculi (Fascicle) |
| Fascicles are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the ___________. | Perimysium |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called _______. | Fibers |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ____________. | Endomysium |
| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with ___________- a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. | Myofibrils |
| Myofibrils consists of 2 major kinds of protein fiber: | 1. actin myofilaments 2. myosin myofilaments |
| Are actin myofilaments thick or thin? | Thin myofilaments |
| Are myosin myofilaments thick or thin? | Thick myofilaments |
| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called _____________. | Sarcomeres |
| Each sarcomere extends from one __________ to another ___________. | Z line (disc) |
| The arrangement of actin and myosin give a _______ appearance. | Banded |
| On each side of the Z line is a light area called an __________, which consists of actin. | I band |
| The ________ extends the length of the myosin. The darker central region in each sarcomere. | A band |
| The center of each sarcomere is another light area called the _________, which consists of only myosin. | H zone |
| The myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining balled called the __________. | M line |
| The charge difference across the membrane is called the _________ _______ __________. | Resting Membrane Potential |
| When a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. The brief reversal back of the charge is called _______ ________. | Action Potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. | Motor neurons |
| Axons enter the muscles and branch. Each branch connects to the muscle forms a _____________ ________, or a __________ near the center of the cell. | Neuromuscular junction (Synapse) |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a ______ ______. | Motor Unit |
| The enlarged nerve terminal is the __________ __________. | Presynaptic Terminal |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the ________ _____ and the muscle fiber is the ___________ ________. | 1. Synaptic cleft 2. Postsynaptic terminal |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains ________ _______ that secrete a neurotransmitter called ________________. | 1. Synaptic vesicles 2. Acetylcholine |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes called _________________. | Acetylcholinesterase |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called the ________ __________ _____________. | Sliding filament mechanism |
| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. | Muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called __________, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. A phenomenon called ____________ ________. | 1. Threshold 2. All-or-none response |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the ___ ______. | Lag phase. |
| The time of contraction is the __________ _____. | Contraction phase. |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes is the __________ ______. | Relaxation phase. |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. | Tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called ____________. | Recruitment |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| ATP is produced in the ___________. | Mitochondria |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
| When at rest muscle cells can't stockpile ATP but they store another high-energy molecule, called _______ _________> | Creatine phosphate |
| Without oxygen. | Anaerobic respiration |
| With oxygen (more efficient). | Aerobic respiration |
| The _______ ____ is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | Oxygen debt |
| ______ ________ results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than can be produced in the muscle cells. | Muscle fatigue |
| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. | Isometric (equal distance) |
| The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. | Isotonic (equal tension) |
| ______ _____ refers to constant tension produced by muscle of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. | Muscle tone |
| ______-______ _____ contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. | Fast-twitch fibers |
| ____-______ _____ contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. Better suited for aerobic metabolism. | Slow-twitch fibers |
| The ______ (head) is the most stationary end of the muscle. | Origin |
| The ________ is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. | Insertion |
| The portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion is the ____. | Belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called _________. | Synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called _________. | Antagonists |
| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the _____ _____. | Prime mover |
| Raises eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis |
| Closes the eyelids and causes "crow's feet" wrinkles in the skin at a lateral corner of the eyes. | Orbicularis oculi |
| Puckers the lips. | Orbicularis Oris |
| Flattens the cheeks. | Buccinator |
| Kissing muscles. | Orbicularis Oris and Buccinator |
| Smiling muscle. | Zygomaticus |
| Sneering | Levator labii superioris |
| Frowning | Depressor anguli oris |
| Chewing | Mastication |
| Changes the shape of the tongue. | Intrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| Moves the tongue. | Extrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| Lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head. | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck. | Platysma |
| Group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. | Erector spinae |
| Muscles that move the thorax. | Thoracic Muscles |
| Elevate the ribs during inspiration. | External intercostals |
| Contracts during forced expiration. | Internal intercostals |
| Accomplishes quiet breathing. | Diaphragm |
| The tendinous area of abdominal wall. Consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle. | Linea alba |
| On each side of the linea alba. | Rectus abdominis |
| Crosses the rectus abdominis at three or more locations. Causes the abdominal wall to appear segmented. | Tendinous inscriptions |
| Rotates scapula. | Trapezius |
| Pulls scapula anteriorly. | Serratus anterior |
| Attaches the arm to the thorax. | Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| Adducts and flexes the arm. | Pectoralis major |
| Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. | Latissimus dorsi |
| Attaches the humorous to the scapula and clavicle. | Deltoid |
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asrunnion
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