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CH. 6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractability- | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| Excitability- | The capacity of the skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility- | The ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity- | The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| Epimysium- | A connective tissue sheath that surrounds the skeletal muscle. |
| Fascia- | Connective tissue found outside the epimysium- surrounds and separates muscles. |
| Muscle Fasciculi (fascicle) | Many visible bundles that are composed in a muscle. |
| Perimysium- | Loose connective tissue that surrounds the fascicle. |
| Fasciculi- | They are composed of single cells called fibers. |
| Endomysium- | A connective tissue sheaths the surrounds a fiber. |
| Myofibrils- | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| Actin Myofilaments- | thin myofilaments. They resemble 2-minute strands of pearls twisted. |
| Myosin Myofilaments- | Thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. |
| Sarcomeres- | The basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. Actin and Myosin form highly ordered units called sarcomeres. |
| resting membrane potential- | -the charge difference across the membrane. Negative in middle, positive charged outside. |
| Action potential- | The brief reversal back of the charge. |
| Motor Neurons- | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| neuromuscular junction (synapse)- | Action from nerve to muscle, a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle. |
| Motor Unit- | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. Multiple motor units form a single muscle. |
| presymplectic terminal- | The enlarged nerve terminal. |
| Synaptic Cleft- | The space between the presynaptic terminal and muscle cell. |
| Postsynaptic Terminal- | the muscle fiber. |
| Synaptic Vesicles- | - it secrets a neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine). Each presynaptic term. contains these vesicles. |
| Muscle Contractions- | occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten. When the sac. shortens so does the muscle. |
| Sliding Filament Mechanism- | Sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction. The H & I band shorten, but A bands don't change in length. |
| Muscle Twitch- | A contraction of a muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| All-or-none response- | A muscle fiber don't respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level (threshold). At which point the muscle will contact maximally. |
| Lag Phase- | Time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction. |
| Contraction Phase- | The time of contraction. |
| Relaxation Phase- | The time during which the muscle relaxes. |
| Tetany- | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. |
| Recruitment- | The increase in number of motor units being activated.. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- | Needed for energy for muscle contraction. Produced in the Mitochondria. Makes ADP |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)- | A biological molecule consisting if one adenine, 1 sugar and 2 phosphates. |
| Anaerobic respiration- | Without Oxygen. |
| Aerobic respiration- | With oxygen (more efficient). |
| Oxygen Debt- | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert Latic acid to glucose & to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. |
| Muscle Fatigue- | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in muscle cells. |
| Isometric- | Equal Distance- the length of the muscle doesn't change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. |
| Isotonic- | Equal Tension- the amount of tension produce by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes |
| Muscle Tone- | Refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. (Keep hands up and back straight) |
| Fast-Twitch Fibers- | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well, adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. |
| Slow-Twitch Fibers- | Contract more slowly & are more resistant to fatigue. Better suited for aerobic metabolism. |
| Ogrin (head)- | the most stationary end of the muscle. |
| Insertion- | The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. |
| Belly- | Portion between the origin & the insertion. |
| Synergists- | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements. |
| Antagonist- | Muscles that work in opposition to one another. |
| Prime Mover- | Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accompanying the desired movement. |
| Occipitofrontalis- | Raises the eyebrows. |
| Orbicularis Oculi- | Closes the eyelids and causes “crow's feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| Orbicularis Oris- | Puckers the lips. |
| Buccinator- | Flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter’s muscle. Orbicularis oris and buccinator are the kissing muscles. |
| Zygomaticus- | Smiling Muscle. |
| Levator labii superioris- | Sneering. |
| Depressor anguli oris- | Frowning |
| Mastication- | - chewing 4 pairs of mastication muscles: 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter. |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles- | Change the shape of the tongue. |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles- | Move the tongue. |
| Sternocleidomastoid- | Lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head. |
| Platysma- | -Sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck. Its action is to pull the corners of the mouth inferiorly, producing a downward sag of the mouth. |
| Erector spinae - | -Group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. trunk muscle |
| External intercostals- | Elevate the ribs during inspiration. |
| Internal intercostals- | Contract during forced expiration. |
| Diaphragm- | Accomplishes quiet breathing. Dome-shaped muscle. Aids in breathing. |
| Abdominal Wall muscles- | The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column, compress the abdominal cavity, and hold in the abdominal viscera. |
| Linea alba- | A tendinous area of the abdominal wall that consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle. |
| Trapezius- | rotates scapula. |
| Serratus anterior- | -pulls scapula anteriorly. |
| Arm- | Attached to the thorax by the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles. |
| Pectoralis major– | Adducts and flexes the arm. |
| Latissimus dorsi– | Medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” |
| Deltoid– | Attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
| Triceps brachii- | Extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm. |
| Biceps brachii- | Flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. |
| Brachialis- | Flexes forearm. |
| Brachioradialis- | Flexes and supinates the forearm. |
| Retinaculum (bracelet)- | Strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction. |
| Flexor carpi – | Flexes the wrist. |
| Extensor carp- | Extends the wrist. |
| Flexor digitorum- | Flexes the fingers. |
| Extensor digitorum | Extends the fingers. |
| Intrinsic hand muscles- | 19 Hand Muscles. |
| Interossi muscle- | Located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers. |
| Gluteus maximus- | Buttocks. Contributes most of the mass of the buttocks. |
| Gluteus Medius- | Hip muscle and common injection site. |
| Quadriceps femoris- | Extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles. |
| Sartorius- | “Tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh. |
| Hamstring muscles- | Posterior thigh muscles, flexes the leg and extends the thigh. , |
| Gastrocnemius and soleus- | form the calf muscle. They join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)- Flex the foot and toes. |
| Peroneus muscles- | The lateral muscles of the leg, primarily everters (turning the lateral side of the foot outward) of the foot, but they also aid in plantar flexion. |
| Intrinsic foot muscles- | 20 muscles located within the foot that flex extends, abduct, and adduct the toes. |
Created by:
cnelson423
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