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Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. | contractility |
| capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheat called the | epimysium |
| another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. it's surrounds and separates muscles | fascia |
| fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the | perimysium |
| fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | fibers |
| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheat called the | endomysium |
| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with-... a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils |
| thin myofilaments | actin |
| thick myofilaments | myosin |
| actin and myosin myofilaments from highly ordered units called | sarcomeres |
| on each side of the Z band there is an area called | I band |
| it consists of actin | I band |
| extend the length of the myosin | A band |
| in the center of each sarcomere there is a light area called | H zone |
| consist only of myosin | H zone |
| the outside of most cell membranes is... charged | positively |
| the inside of most cell membranes is... charged | negatively |
| the charge difference across the membrane is called the | resting membrane potential |
| the brief reversal back of the charge is called | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| enters the muscles and branch | axons |
| each branch that connects to the muscle forms a ... or .... near the center of the cell | neuromuscular junction or synapse |
| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a | motor unit |
| the enlarged nerve terminal is the | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the | synaptic cleft |
| muscle fiber in the enlarged nerve terminal is the | postsynaptic terminal |
| each presynaptic terminal contains | synaptic vesicles |
| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotransmitter called | acetylcholine |
| the acetylcholinesterase is rapidly broken down by an enzymes | acetylcholinesterase |
| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called the.... of muscle contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
| a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called | threshold |
| at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally | all-or-none response |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | lag phase |
| the time of contraction is the | contraction phase |
| the time during which the muscle relaxes is the | relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called | recruitment |
| is needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
| when at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called | creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen | aerobic respiration |
| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate store in muscle cells | oxygen debt |
| result when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produce in the muscle cell | muscle fatigue |
| equal distance | isometric |
| equal tension | isotonic |
| refers to constant to constant tension produce by muscles of the body for long periods of time | muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers |
| most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | belly |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | synergists |
| muscles that work in position to one other are called | antagonists |
| among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the | prime mover |
| raise the eyebrows | occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eyes | orbicularis oculi |
| puckers the lips | orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter's muscle | buccinator |
| smiling muscle | zygomaticus |
| sneering | levator labii superioris |
| frowning | depressor anguli oris |
| chewing | mastication |
| lateral neck muscle and prime over | sternocleidomastoid |
| sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck | platysma |
| group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spinae |
| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles |
| elevate the ribs during inspiration | external intercostals |
| contract during forced expiration | internal intercostals |
| accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm |
| rotates scapula | trapezius |
| pull scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior |
| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
| medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "swimmer muscles" | latissimus dorsi |
| attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limp | deltoid |
| extend the forearm, occupies the posterior compartment of the arm | triceps bachii |
| flexes the forearm, occupies the anterior compartment of the arm | biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | brachialils |
| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialis |
| strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and hold them in place around the wrist so that they "bowstring" during muscle contractions | retinaculum |
| flexes the wrist | flexor carpi |
| extends the wrist | extensor carpi |
| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum |
| extends the fingers | extensor digitorium |
| buttocks | gluteus maximus |
| extend the leg | quadriceps femoris |
| Flexes the tight | sartorius |
| posterior tight muscles | hamstring muscles |
| form the calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus |
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alila.ctr
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