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Patho Chap 9
Inflammation & dysfunction wound healing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phase 1 of acute inflammation | inflammatory phase - swelling |
| phase 2 of acute inflammation | repair and regeneration phase |
| phase 3 of acute inflammation | remodeling and scare tissue maturation phase |
| five classic signs of inflammation | rubor - redness tumor - swelling calor - heat dolor - pain loss of function |
| purulent exudate | (pus) - proteins, microbes and cell debris --> white/ green discharge |
| transudate | watery, clear fluid --> ex : non infected blister |
| abscess | localized, walled - off collection of purulent exudate |
| effusion | accumulation of fluid in a body cavity |
| chemotaxis | chemical signals attract white blood cells and platelets |
| margination | WBCs line up along endothelium releases; inflammatory mediators |
| leukocytosis | increase of WBC number |
| leukemoid reaction | extreme elevation in WBC |
| role of inflammatory mediators | promote / inhibiut inflammation cytokines: most common chemokine: proteins that attract leukocytes to the endothelium |
| role of acute phase proteins | liver produces in response to cytokines C- reactive protein: marks foreign for phagocytosis fibrinogen |
| symptoms during an acute inflammation | fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia and weight loss -- due to chemical mediators |
| pyrogens | substances that can cause a fever |
| prostaglandins | reset the temperature |
| higher temperatures __ WBC efficiency | increase |
| to reach a higher temperature, you can experience ____ to vasoconstrict the arteries and warm the body up | shivering |
| to get back to a normal temperature and cool off, you can experience ___ and vasodilation | sweating |
| lymphadenopathy | enlargement of lymph nodes, often due to inflammatory process, lymphatic fluid circulates throughout the body, thus injurious agents in the lymph system can invade other tissues |
| histamine | an inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets & mast cells and cause symptoms often seen with allergies |
| describe the purpose of prostaglandins and leukotrienes | phospholipase breaks down phosolipids to form arachidonic acid, AA converted to PGs and leukotrienes, TNF alpha and interleukins |
| 2 most common types of cytokines and what symptoms may we see with prolonged release of these cytokines | cyclooxygenase - 1 (cox-1): good --> helps PGs; mucous production to protect gastric muscosa cyclooxygenase - 2 (cox -2): bad --> inflammatory PGs; cause fever, pain, swelling |
| 1 possible outcome of acute inflammation | complete resolution |
| 2 possible outcome of acute inflammation | healing by connective tissue --> regeneration of normal cells doesn't occur --> excessive proliferation of connective tissue, fibrous scar tissue formed |
| 3 possible outcome of acute inflammation | chronic, persistant inflammation --> resolution doesn't occur |
| chronic inflammation | continual secretion of cytokines damages healthy tissues simulating further inflammation, granuloma formation: macrophages aggregate and are transformed into epithelial like cells --> T & B lymphocytes ampligy and perpetuate inflam. signals |
| acute inflammation | rapid onset, terminates quickly, chemical mediators orchestrate response |
| chronic inflammation - persistant infections | TB, syphillis, viruses |
| chronic inflammation - hypersensitivity disorders | rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, erythematosus |
| chronic inflammation - exposure toxic agents | coal dust: anthracosis (black lung) |
| chronic inflammation - atherosclerosis | chronic inflammatory disease |
| 1st phase of wound healing | homeostasis - shortly after injury, exposed collagen attract platelets |
| 2nd phase of wound healing | inflammation |
| 3rd phase of wound healing | proliferation - granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, growth factors, cytokines and epithelialization (usually 48 hours after) |
| 4th phase of wound healing | wound contraction & remodeling -- aprox. 3 weeks after injury |
| primary intention | no gap in the tissue: within 24-48 hours growth of new skin cells |
| secondary intention | extensive tissue loss: longer healing time with wound contraction to close gap with fibroblasts and scars |
| tertiary intention | missing large amount of deep tissue and wound is contaminated -> prominent scarring, skin graft required -> pressure ulcers and severe burns |
| eschar | dead tissue that falls off from healthy skin and is tan, brown, or black |
| how do you remove eschar? | a procedure called debridement is used to promote growht of healthy tissue |
| list factors that affect wound healing | nutrition - positive nitrogen balance blood flow and oxygen delivery immune strength infection - single most sig. factor in delayed wound healing foreign bodies - contamination mechanical factors - increased localized pressure |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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