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A&P II Ch 19

QuestionAnswer
What is the major function of each of the four chambers of the heart? (slide 6) R Atrium: Collects blood from systemic circuit
2. Understand the superficial anatomy of the heart, being able to identify and describe each of these parts: left and right atrium, left and right ventricle, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta.
3. Describe the three layers of the heart wall. Epicardium: Outer layer/ Cont with pericardium
3. Describe the three layers of the heart wall. Myocardium: Middle layer, heart muscle wall/ concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue
3. Describe the three layers of the heart wall. Endocardium: Inner layer/ Simple squamous epithelium
4. Which laver of the heart wall is responsible for contraction? Myocardium
5. What are four characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? Small size/ Single, central nucleus/ Branching interconnections btwn cells/ Intercalated discs
6. What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle? Interconnects cardiac muscle cells to facilitate communication btwn the cells and helps all cardiac muscle tissue contract in a coordinated fashion
7. Understand the flow of blood through the heart. Slide 22
8. What are the structural differences between the left and right ventricles? Right Ventricle is thinner and pouch- shaped. Develops less pressure
8. What are the structural differences between the left and right ventricles? Left Ventricle develops more pressure, had thicker walls, and is round
9. What is the reason for the structural differences between the left and right ventricles?
10. Know when the AV valves are open and closed and when the semilunar valves are open and closed. Ventricles relaxed; AV valves open and semilunar valves closed/ Ventricles contract; AV valves closed and semilunar valves open
11. How do the atrioventricular valves prevent backflow? Papillary muscles tense chordae tendineae
12. How do the semilunar valves prevent backflow? Semilunar valves close off`
13. Which valves have muscular support? AV Valves (Tricuspid & Bicuspid valve)
14. What is the blood supply to the heart itself called? Coronary circulation
15. What causes coronary artery disease? Partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation
16. What is a coronary ischemia? Partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries
17. What is angina pectoris? Pain in chest from CAD/ Temporary ischemia develops when the workload of the heart increases
18. What is happening during a myocardial infarction? Heart attack/ Part of the coronary circulation becomes blocked, cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen
19. What is the conducting system? Specialized cardiac muscle cells/ initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction
20. What is autorythmicity? Cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own, w/o neural or hormonal stimulation
21. What does it mean for a cell to have pacemaker potential? Cells creep back up toward the voltage that causes the cells to contract
22. Does the heart require input from any other systems in order to beat? Yes/ SA node
23. Understand the five steps of impulse conduction through the heart. Impulses is generated at the SA node/ Impulse passes to AV node/ Through AV bundle/ Through L&R bundle branches/ To purkinje fibers
24. What is an ectopic pacemaker? Abnormal excitable group of cells that generate high rate of action potentials / Bypass conducting system/ Disrupt ventricular contractions
25. What is an electrocardiogram? A recording of electrical events in the heart/ obtained by electrodes at spec body loc/ abnormal patterns diagnose dmg or disorder
26. What is a cardiac arrhythmia? Abnormal variations in the contraction of the heart
27. What is a defibrillator and what does it do? Detect arrhythmias and respond by sending an electric shock through the body/ shock can reset heart rhythm
28. What causes each of the heart sounds? S1: loud sounds prod by AV valves closing/ S2: Loud sounds prod by semilunar valves closing/ S3S4: Soft sounds. Blood flow into ventricles & atrial contraction
29. What is the cardiac cycle? Series of pressure chngs within the heart during on heartbeat
30. What is systole? What is diastole? Contraction of a chamber
30. What is systole? What is diastole? Relaxation of a chamber
31. Understand the steps of the cardiac cycle. 1. Atrial Systole: blood pushed into ventr thru open AV valves, semilunar valves closed/2. Ventricular Systole: blood is pushed into aorta and pulmonary trunk thru open semilunar valves/3. Diastole: AV chambers relaxed, AV valv open, Semilu Valv closed.
32. What are EDV and ESV? End-diastolic vol: Maximum vol held by the ventricles at the end of ventricular diastole
33. How is stroke volume calculated? Vol of blood ejected by the left ventricle during systole
34. Do the ventricles empty completely with each systole? No/ EDS is 120 mL and ESV is 50mL
35. How is cardiac output calculated? CO=HRxSV
36. What factors affect cardiac output? Adjusted changes in heart rate or stroke volume
37. What factors affect heart rate? Adjusted by autonomic nervous system or hormones
38. What factors affect stroke volume? Adjusted by changing EDV or ESV
What is the major function of each of the four chambers of the heart? (slide 6 R Ventricle: Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit
What is the major function of each of the four chambers of the heart? (slide 6 L Atrium: Collects blood from pulmonary circuit
What is the major function of each of the four chambers of the heart? (slide 6 L Ventricle: Pumps blood to systemic circuit
32. What are EDV and ESV? End-systolic vol: Minimum vol held by the ventricles at the end of ventricular systole
Created by: Clinton Perdue
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