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Cartilage
MSK
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| -Specialized connective tissue -Avascular -95% ECM -Largely GAGs | Cartilage |
| -Confers shape, flexibility, & elasticity -Shock absorber (resistance to compression) -Tensile strength -Model for long bone formation | Functions of cartilage |
| Dense irregular connective tissue covering entire cartilage (except articular and epiphyseal plate cartilage, and fibrocartilage) | Perichondrium |
| -Outer fibrous layer -contains fibroblasts (synthesize collagen type I & matrix) -Inner cellular (chondrogenic) layer -contains chondrogenic cells (source of new cartilage cells) | Perichondrium Parts |
| Cartilage gets nutrients from | Vessels from perichondrium OR synovial fluid at articular surfaces |
| -make up 3-5% of total cartilage mass | Cartilage cells |
| -Chondrogenic cells give rise to ___________ -Located below chondrogenic layer of perichondrium -______ are ovoid w/ longitudinal axes lying parallel to cartilage surface -Synthesize cartilage matrix | Chondroblasts |
| Space occupied by a chondroblast | Lacuna |
| responsible for external growth of cartilage (appositional growth) | Chondroblasts |
| -matured chondroblasts located in lacunae & surrounded by matrix -located deeper than chondroblasts and are more sperical | Chondrocytes |
| Divide by mitosis to form groups of 4-8, referred to as Isogenous groups or cell nest (CN) • suggestive of internal growth (Interstitial growth) | Chondrocytes |
| • originate from monocytes • help to remodel the cartilage | Chondroclasts |
| • Irregular chondrocyte surfaces • Extensive Golgi (G) apparatus • Abundant rough ER • Euchromatic nucleus • Lipid droplets and glycogen deposits (in older, less active cells) | Electron micrographs |
| Collagen makes up 15% of mass with Type II most abundant This gives hyaline cartilage a “glassy” appearance. Sulphated groups present in GAGs, make it hydrophilic Sulphated groups present in GAGs, make it hydrophilic provides resilience | Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) |
| • Highest concentration of sulfated proteoglycans, hyaluronan, biglycans, and several multiadhesive glycoproteins. • Less collagen fibers • Basophilic staining with H/E | Capsular matrix |
| Composition is a mixture between territorial matrix and capsular matrix. | Interterritorial matrix |
| • Randomly arranged network of type II collagen fibrils with smaller quantities of type IX collagen. • Lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans • Less basophilic than the capsular matrix. | Territorial matrix |
| Tracheal and bronchial rings, Laryngeal cartilages, Costal cartilages, Articular surfaces of long bones, Epiphyseal growth plate, Fetal skeleton -Chondroblasts + Chondrocytes -ECM: Type II collagen, proteoglycans -Growth: Appositional and interstitial | Hyaline cartilage |
| Pinna of the ear External acoustic meatus Eustachian tube Epiglottis -Chondroblasts + chondrocytes -Type II collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans -Growth: Appositional and interstitial No calcification | Elastic Cartilage |
| Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, menisci, attachment of ligament to bone, intersections of tendons and ligaments, articular discs -No perichondrium -Chondrocytes + fibroblasts -Type I and II collage fibers, proteoglycan -Interstitial growth only | Fibrocartilage |
| -Mesenchymal cells -GAGs: hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins -Does not readily degenerate -Calcifies: bone formation & aging | Hyaline cartilage |
| Functions: • Supportive • Cushioning • Shock absorber • Growth plate • Model for bone formation -ECM correlates to function! • Collagen • Sulfated groups | Hyaline cartilage |
| occurs from chondrogenic cells in the perichondrium differentiating into chondroblasts, forming a new layer of cartilage around the periphery of the existing cartilage. • This increases the WIDTH or thickness of the cartilage | Appositional Growth |
| occurs only in young cartilage from cell divisions within the cartilage during the formation of isogenous groups. • This increases the LENGTH of the cartilage | Interstitial Growth |
| • Growth hormone • Thyroxine • Testosterone | Increases growth |
| • Hydrocortisone • Estradiol | Decreases growth |
| regenerates very poorly and often the perichondrium forms scar tissue -can become calcified in old age | Hyaline cartilage |
| A type of hyaline cartilage found at articular surfaces • does not have perichondrium • It is in contact with articular surface of bone on opposite side. • Remnant of original cartilage template of developing bone. • Persists throughout adult life. | Articular cartilage |
| 1. Tangential layer 2. Transitional layer 3. Radial layer 4. Calcified cartilage | Articular cartilage layers |
| • A degenerative joint disease that affects the weight bearing joints (e.g., hips, knees, lower vertebrae). • Related to aging and injury. | Osteoarthritis |
| • Decreased proteoglycan content, which results in reduction in intercellular water content in the cartilage matrix. • Patients present with progressive reduction of mobility and increased pain with joint movement | Osteoarthritis |
| Function: Support with flexibility | Elastic cartilage |
| -Resists deformation under stress (Support and tensile strength) Fibers arranged perpendicular to direction of stress • Isogenous groups linear (longitudinal columns) due to compression of collagen fibers Does not occur alone, found w/hyaline cartilage | Fibrocartilage |
Created by:
Zariea
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