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APHG Chapter 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agriculture | deliberate modification of the Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain |
| statistics | LDC’s home to 97% of the world’s farmers; about 50% engaged in farming - most in the world are subsistence farmers; 40% of the world’s people are farmers - in MDC’s, about 5% engaged in farming - in the U.S. - only 2% are farmers, 2 million today |
| Hunting and gathering | humans living in clans of about fifty persons, nomadic existence ranging from place to place following the food, men hunted and fished; women gathered berries, nuts, fruits and roots, still 250,000 hunter-gatherers left in the world, in southern africa |
| The First Agricultural Revolution | 8000 BCE, because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time - barley, wheat, oats - first integration of plant growing and animal raising - diffuses west to Europe and east to Central Asia |
| the Fertile Crescent | an early, important hearth of domestication of plants and animals |
| Crop Hearths | Southwest Asia - wheat, barley, oats, lentil, olives; SE Asia - mango, taro, coconut; East Asia - rice, millet; central Africa - sorghum, yams, rice; Mexico - beans, cotton, maize; Peru - potatoes, maize; SE of what is now the U.S. - squash |
| Carl Sauer | identified eleven agricultural hearths of domestication of plants, some of these eleven used seed agriculture - replanting seeds from plants, and (2) vegetative planting - reproduction of plants by cutting stems and dividing roots |
| Domestication (breeding) of Animals | Southwest Asia - 12,000 years ago - dog - Southwest Asia - 9,000 years ago - cattle, goats, pigs, sheep - Central Asia - horse - 6000 years ago - only forty animals have been domesticated ever (efforts for others have failed) |
| the Columbian Exchange | New to Old - beans, cacao, maize, peanuts, pineapples, potatoes, pumpkins, squash, sweet potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, turkeys Old to New - citrus fruits, coffee beans, grapes, onions, peaches, sugarcane, wheat, cattle, chickens, horses, pigs |
| subsistence agriculture | the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family (mostly LDC’s) |
| commercial agriculture | production of food primarily for sale off the farm (mostly MDC’s) |
| Derwent Whittlesey | identification of eleven main agricultural regions - note ties between climate and type of agriculture |
| subsistence agriculture types (LDC’s) | shifting cultivation, intensive subsistence (wet rice dominant), intensive subsistence (wet rice not dominant), pastoral |
| commercial agriculture (MDC’s) | mixed crop and livestock, dairy, grain, livestock ranching, Mediterranean, commercial gardening |
| commercial farming and farm size | US farms averaging 449 acres (though 98% family owned), dominated by a handful of large farms, 5% of farms produce 75% of the nation’s agriculture, a consequence of efficient mechanization and large loans needed for land and machinery only on large farms |
| dominance of agribusiness | heavy use of communications and information technology - encompasses tractor manufacturing, seed distribution, fertilizer production - long commodity chains from farm to table - farmers - 2% of labor force but 20% involved in food production |
| The Second Agricultural Revolution | 1780 - 1850, began in England and spread to Western Europe and the U.S., rapid urbanization created new markets for foods from adjacent rural areas |
| mechanization | replaced human hands; more crops with less work, first all iron plow; then tractors, combines, seed drills, access to new forms of transportation - trains, steamboats, technological advances like refrigerated boxcars allowed shipping great distances |
| British Enclosure Movement | consolidated small landownings into a few large farms to lay the groundwork for large-scale commercial agriculture |
| Shifting Cultivation | (or slash-and-burn agriculture) clears land and burns debris, fields used for only a few years and then left fallow for many years for the soil to recover, very inefficient, potash from the burning debris fertilizes the cleared land, the swidden or milpa |
| dominant crops | upland rice (SE Asia), maize, manioc (S America), millet and sorghum (Africa); also yams, plantains, sugar cane vegetables |
| intertillage | different crops in the same field to spread out the growing season and protect the lower plants from pests and erosion |
| Pastoral Nomadism | the herding of domesticated animals, 20 % of land area but only 15 million people, depend on milk, consume mostly grain |
| Pastoral Nomadism animals | camels in N Africa and SW Asia - can go long periods without water - goats - need more water but can survive on almost any vegetation - sheep - require more water, are slow moving and sensitive to climate - horses important in Central Asia |
| transhumance | seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland areas, nomads used to be most powerful people of dry areas; tradesmen and protection, now under pressure to move by governments desiring land to irrigate or for natural resources |
| Intensive Agriculture with Wet Rice Dominant | ¾ of world’s people live in LDC’s; most practice intensive agriculture, wet rice - planted in a dry nursery but seedling then planted in a flooded field, dominant form of agriculture of SE China, E India and much of SE Asia |
| Wet Rice Dominant procedure | land first plowed animal pulled plow, then flooded, flooded field called a sawah, after a month transferred to dry field, picked and the the husks need to be separated by threshing, lighter chaff removed by winnowing, letting it get blown away |
| Intensive Agriculture with Wet Rice Not Dominant | parts of Asia with too little summer precipitation, winters too cold, interior of India, northern part of China, wheat, barley, millet, problems of moving from communes in communist China to individual parcels of land |
| Plantation Farming | commercial agriculture found in LDC’s of Latin America and Asia generally owned and operated by MDC’s for export to MDC’s, generally processed at plantation as they become cheaper to ship, sparsely populated areas |
| Crop locations | banana: Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras; cane sugar: US, Brazil, Cuba, China; coffee: Ethiopia, Kenya, Colombia, Brazil, US; tea: South asia, Thailand; rubber: Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, Mexico; cacao: Ghana, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia; palm oil: Nigeria |
| Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming | most of the crop going to feed animals; manure fertilizing the crops, profit from beef, milk and eggs; balances risk and annual work for farmers, corn and soybeans often grown for feed |
| two-field system | 400’s in Europe, alternating cereal grain (oats, wheat, barley, rye) |
| three-field system | 700’s in Europe, A. winter cereal, B. spring cereal, C. fallow |
| four field system | 1700’s in Europe, A. root crop (turnips), B. cereal crop, C. rest crop (clover), D. different cereal crop |
| Corn Belt | farmland extending from Ohio to the Dakotas (centered in Iowa) - half of all farms there growing corn |
| Dairying | most important commercial agriculture in U.S. Northeast and Northwest Europe, associated with the rise of cities in MDC’s; larger, LDC’s have risen; South Asia now surpasses U.S. in milk production, labor intensive cows must be milked twice a day |
| milkshed | ring surrounding city from which milk can be produced without spoiling, has extended from 30 miles to 300 with technology, most sold directly to distributors, farms far from cities more likely to sell for processing to butter or cheese |
| Grain Farming | grain farmers sell to manufacturers, grain is the seed from different grasses, most important - wheat - more uses as food, can be stored without spoilage |
| winter wheat | belt through Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma (insulated by snow) |
| spring wheat | Dakotas, Montana - winters too severe |
| McCormick Reaper | 1830’s, combine - reaps, threshes and cleans, because work is seasonal, farmers can have fields of winter and spring wheat |
| Livestock Ranching | lands in MDC’s where crops cannot grow easily, large profit for beef making its way to Chicago, conflict with farmers, declining owing to irrigation and more resilient seeds |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | areas bordering Mediterranean, California, South Africa, Australia, horticulture - fruits, vegetables, flowers, tree crops, olives, grapes; ⅔ of all wine in the world grown along Mediterranean, cereal crops (wheat) often grown in winter |
| Rural Land Use | rural settlement patterns affected by infrastructure, economy culture and farming practices |
| linear village | follows a stream or road |
| cluster village | along intersection of roads |
| round village | to corral livestock |
| walled village | Medieval Europe |
| von Thunen’s Model | different crops grown in concentric rings around cities, what is grown a factor of both the cost of land versus the the cost of transporting goods to market, model can be topography and physical conditions, applicable also to regions and countries |
| Von Thunen's rings | markets, dairying, livestock, grain farming, livestock ranching |
| farm subsidies | in U.S. about 16 billion a year (more in Europe) - commitment to agriculture as an industry and maintaining of rural life (Europe) |
| Ester Boserup’s | population growth spurs new farming approaches - plows replaces axes, more weeding, more manure, terraces built, etc. - land is left fallow for shorter and shorter periods |
| gender | a major factor in agriculture from subsistence to commercial, almost always an active participant in subsistence agriculture, often relegated only to subsistence growing when husbands take wage work growing export crops |
| aquaculture | farming fish and aquatic food |
| The Third Agricultural Revolution | 1970’s and 1980’s, prevented a food crisis in Latin America and Asia, increase in food production; reduction in hunger world wide, higher yield and more resilient seeds, fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, mechanization of farming |
| harmful aspects of the Green Revolution | high costs, ingredients in fertilizer are not distributed equally, fuels to produce, tractors, irrigation pumps, possible environmental damage from excessive irrigation and use of pesticides and herbicides, seeds themselves are often expensive |
| GMO | manipulation of plants started with agriculture; only in the last few decades have scientists mixed the genetic material of plants that would not otherwise mix in nature, a part of the growth of biotechnology in MDC’s, distrust of unknown “Franken foods” |
| desertification | degradation of semi-arid land, likely owing to pastoralism - every year - land is rendered unusable equivalent to the size of Colorado - particularly associated with lands around the Sahara Desert in Sub-Saharn Africa |
| deforestation | to open up land for agriculture or settlement by cutting down forests - associated with lumber industry, shifting cultivation in Amazon rainforests - impact on global warming |
| debt-for-nature swap | a deal MDC have offered some countries to forgive some of their international debt to preserve some forestland |
| Sustainable Agriculture | farming that preserves environmental quality (less than 1%) |
| sensitive land management | more labor intensive but more profitable |
| integrated crop and livestock | common in LDC’s and the U.S. Corn Belt - complementary activities of providing feed from the crops and manure for crops - can cushion farmers against price fluctuations and control costs |
| organic farming | avoiding biotechnology (GMOS’s) and chemicals not occurring naturally - not using Monsanto’s “Roundup ready” seeds - avoids use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides |
| value added specialty crops | products produced in a more sustainable/ humane way - example - free range cows, cageless eggs |
| fair trade foods | foods that pay farmers and laborers with greater equity between MDC consumers and LDC producers with more humane working standards |
| buy local movements | movements which encourage consumers to buy goods produced on local farms to support local industry, reduce the carbon footprint and receive more organic foods grown in a sustainable fashion |
Created by:
afillmore09
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