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lymphatic system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| thymus | Bilobed structure found in the chest region Largest during childhood Creates T-cells Also an endocrine gland Releases thymosins (make T-cells mature after leaving |
| What is the function of the spleen? | Filters blood for pathogens |
| Where is the spleen located in the body? | Found near the stomach |
| What is the composition of the white pulp in the spleen? | High in lymphocytes |
| What is the composition of the red pulp in the spleen? | High in red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages |
| What is the structure of the sinuses in the spleen? | Contain blood instead of lymph |
| What is the lympatic organ is the spleen similar to? | Similar structure to lymph nodes |
| What is the spleen's role in the lymphatic system? | Largest lymphatic organ |
| inate immunity | genetic / exists in a person without prior contact with an antigen |
| adaptive immunity | the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them |
| active immunity | A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens. |
| passive immunity | the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. |
| First line of defense | skin and mucous membranes |
| second line of defense | Chemical barriers,Tears (salt), gastric juices (pH), and sweat (salt),Interferons - prevent viruses and tumors from replicating, fever, natural killer cells, phagocytosis |
| Defensins | - Maholes in the cell wall of bacteriade by neutrophils in GI tract, urinary system, and skin, make and stimulate phagocytosis |
| Collectins | - bind to surface sugar-based antigens and increase phagocytosis |
| Complement proteins | that promote inflammation and phagocytosis with the help of antibodies |
| third line of defense | cellular immune response and humoral immune response |
| humoral immune response | The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. |
| flow of lymph(can victoria train duck vets?) | Interstitial fluid -> lymph capillaries -> lymph vessels -> lymph trunks -> lymph ducts-> subclavian veins or vena cava |
| Lympatic capillaries | -Closed-ended tubes -Form network with blood capillaries - Thin-walled -Fluid inside is called lymph |
| lympatic trunks | Larger vessels than lymphatic vessels; drain into collecting ducts |
| afferent lymphatic vessels | Vessels that bring lymph draining from connective tissue into a lymph node en route to the blood. |
| efferent lymphatic vessels | transport filtered lymph away from the lymph node |
| Macrophages | Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. |
| Helper T cells | Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells. |
| Naive T cell | A mature T cell that has left the thymus but not yet encountered its specific antigen. |
| cell-mediated immune response | The branch of adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells. |
| Antibodies | Globular proteins; all immunoglobulins Contain variable region (area that is specific to antigen - foreign body-attachment) Contain heavy and light protein chains |
| Antibody types | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
| IgG location and function | Plasma and tissue fluid (passed down to fetus through placenta) Activates complement system, effective against bacteria, viruses and toxins |
| IgA location and function | Breast milk (passed down to infant), tears,juice, intestinal juice, bile, urine (exocrine glands) Control homeostasis |
| IgM location and function | Plasma (in response to food or bacteria) Immediate! Activates complement system; examples are Anti-A and Anti-B |
| IgD location and function | Surface of B cells (esp. infants) Activates B cells |
| IgE | Exocrine secretions (with IgA) Allergic reactions/response |
| antibody 2 types of functions | direct attack and complement proteins |
| steps of direct attack | 1.Agglutinate (Clump pathogens together) 2.Precipitate (Make pathogen insoluble) 3.Neutralize (Cover or destroy toxic part of antigen) |
| Opsonization | coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis |
| Chemotaxis | bringing macrophages to the area |
| Lysis | - rupturing membranes |
| Neutralization | alter the virus's molecule structure |
| T cells | Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.matures in thymus. |
| 1 Step of adaptive immune response | the antigen is presented on the surface of an antigen presenting cell. |
| 2 Step of adaptive immune response | this cell travels to a part of the body that contains T and B cells (lymph node)the antigen is presented to immature T cells, which then begin to multiply. |
| 3 Step of adaptive immune response | - the helper T cells then activate B cells and cytotoxic c cells, b cells rapidly divide and produce antibodies specific to the antigen. Cytotoxic T cell destroys infected cell. |
| 4th Step of adaptive immune response | - memory B and T cells are left behind one the problem is dealt with, so if the antigen is encountered again the body will be better prepared. |
| origin of lymph fluid | Lymph is excess fluid formed from plasma that accumulates in the tissues as interstitial fluid. |
| Immediate-reaction allergy | Occurs within minutes First exposure- B cells become sensitized; IgE is attached to basophils and mast cells Subsequent exposures- mast cells and basophils secrete several substances including histamine |
| Delayed-reaction allergy | Exposure to allergen on skin Collects T cells and macrophages in the area Causes dermatitis |
| organ transplant | New transplant tissue/organ has its own antigens Donor's antigens are recognized as foreign to host Starts immune response (which can often reject the new transplant tissue/organ) Tissue matching helps minimize reaction |
| Immunosuppressive drugs | Suppress immune reaction, avoid rejection (usually) |
| Autoimmunity | Cytotoxic T cells cannot correctly identify self cells and attacks self cells Pathogen borrows self antigens during attack Pathogen antigen is very similar to a self antigen |
| lupus | cytoxic cells attack cell nuclei Occurs in 1 out of 2,000 Americans profound fatigue, rashes, and joint pains, severe cases: immune system attacks organs (kidney, brain, lung) |
| Crohn's disease | cytotoxic cells attack intestines diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and pain that is difficult to control |
| Psoriasis | cytotoxic t cells attack skin , affects more than 2% of Americans, often runs in families skin or body covered with buildup of red scales, skin rash |
| Diabetes type 1 | destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas frequent urination; unusual thirst; extreme hunger; unusual weight loss; extreme fatigue; irritability |
| rheumatoid arthritis | immune system targets the lining (synovium) that covers various joints pain, swelling, and stiffness of the joints |
| Multiple Sclerosis | immune system targets oligodentrocytes of the CNS, possible blindness, paralysis, and premature death |
| Oligodentrocytes | produce myelin in the central nervous system |
| Grave's disease | immune system destruction or stimulation of thyroid tissue fatigue, nervousness, cold or heat intolerance, weakness, changes in hair texture/amount, and weight gain/loss |
| An infection results when pathogens _____. | grow and cause damage |
| The walls of lymphatic vessels are similar to those of cardiovascular _____________. | veins |
Created by:
flute260
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