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sensory syst (#1-13)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Somatic senses | Touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
| Special senses | Smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium (within ear) |
| Sensory receptors function | detect environmental changes and trigger nerve impulses |
| Sensory receptors are . . . | Large complex organs (eyes, ears) and localized clusters of receptors (taste buds, olfactory epithelium) |
| Types of clustered receptors | Chemoreceptors, pain receptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and photoreceptors |
| Chemoreceptors | detect chemical changes |
| Pain receptors | detect pain |
| Thermoreceptors | detect temperature changes |
| Mechanoreceptors | detect touch |
| Photoreceptors | detect light |
| Somatic senses are assosciated with . . . | Receptors in the skin, muscle, joints, and viscera (organs of the body) |
| Cold | Krausse's end bulbs |
| Warmth | Ruffini's end organ |
| Touch | Meissner's corpuscle |
| Deep pressure | Pacinian's corpuscle |
| Pain | Free nerve endings, no special name |
| Cold, warm, touch, deep pressure are | Encapsulated receptors |
| Heat receptors respond to | Warmer temperatures |
| Cold receptors respond to | Colder temperatures |
| Heat receptors temperature range | 29-45 ^C (82-113 ^F) |
| Cold receptors temperature range | 5-40 ^C (41-104 ^F) |
| Heat receptors discharge most rapidly at | 45C (113 F) |
| Above this heat range, | Pain receptors are stimulated, gives burning sensation |
| Cold receptors discharge most rapidly at | 25C (77F) |
| Below this cold range, | Pain receptors stimulate freezing pain |
| Senses of pain | Visceral, chronic, acute, referred, and phantom limb |
| Visceral pain | Occurs in visceral tissue such as the heart, lungs, and intestines |
| Referred pain | Feels as though it is coming from a different part (heart pain may be felt as pain in the shoulder or arm) |
| Acute pain | Originates from skin, usually stops when stimulus stops (needle prick) |
| Chronic pain | Dull, aching sensation |
| Phantom limb pain | Feels like it is coming from a body part that is no longer there. Originates in the brain and the spinal cord. |
| Awareness of pain arises when impulses reach the | Thalamus |
| Cerebral cortex (pain) | Determine pain intensity, locates pain source, and mediates emotional and motor responses |
| Nerve fibers release | Biochemicals that block pain signals |
| Enkephalins | Suppress acute and chronic pain, relieve severe pain |
| Serotonin | Stimulates other neurons to release enkephalins |
| Endorphins | Extreme pain and natural pain control (similar to morphine and other opiates) |
| Sensation | Feeling that occurs when a brain interprets a sensory impulse |
| Projection | Process where the cerebral cortex causes a feeling to stem from a source (eyes, ears) |
| Sensory adaptation | Sensory receptors stop sending signals when they are repeatedly stimulated |
| Receptors may also exhibit a characteristic known as | Adaptation |
| Adaptation is when | The frequency of the receptor potential decreases over time in response a continuous stimulus |
| Adaptation (axons) | Axons send fewer impulses, therefore the intensity of the stimulus decreases |
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