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ANAT 411 H&N misc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a tube providing continuity from head to trunk | neck |
| what are structures in the neck surrounded by | cervical fascia |
| vertebrae characterized by small bodies, bifid spinous processes, and transverse processes that contain a foramen (foramen transversum) | cervical vertebrae |
| forms a longitudinal passageway on each side of cervical vertebrae column for blood vessels passing between base of neck and cranial activity | foramen transversum |
| which cervical vertebrae are considered atypical | C1, C2, C7 |
| cervical vertebrae that is a ring-like, kidney-shaped bone lacking a spinous process or body and consisting of 2 lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches, called the atlas | C1 |
| cervical vertebrae that has a peg-like dens that projects superiorly from its body, called the axis | C2 |
| cervical vertebrae that has a long spinous process that is not bifid | C7 |
| bone that is easily collapsible/breakable | hyoid |
| foramen for transmission of the inferior alveolar n. and vessels | mandibular foramen |
| unpaired ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and vomer bones; paired maxillary, nasal, palatine, and lacrimal bones | bones of nasal cavity |
| bone that exceeding light and spongy, roughly the size and shape of an ice cube but only a fraction as heavy | ethmoid bone |
| large triangular process of ethmoid bone at the midline on the superior surface of the cribiform plate that anchors the falx cerebri or dura mater in the cranial cavity | crista galli |
| anteriorly made up of septal nasal cartilage and posteriorly made up of vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone | nasal septum |
| base of this triangle is made up of inferior border of the mandible angled to the mastoid process and the sides are made up of the anterior midline of the neck and anterior border of sternocleidomastoid | anterior triangle |
| this triangle is bordered superiorly by the posterior belly of the digastric m., posteriorly by anterior border of sternocleidomastoid m., and anteroinferiorly by superior belly of omohyoid m. | carotid triangle |
| thyroid cartilage, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, trachea | contents of anterior triangle |
| proximal dilation that acts as a baroceptor that can sense blood pressure changes, CN X | carotid sinus |
| ovoid mass that acts as a chemoreceptor to measure oxygen in blood, CNs IX and X | carotid body |
| this triangle is bordered by the middle 1/3 of the clavicle inferiorly and the sides are bordered by the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid m. and anterior edge of the trapezius m. | posterior triangle |
| skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis, loose areolar connective tissue, periosteum | layers of scalp (SCALP) |
| specialized type of fat that facilitates intramuscular movement, associated with muscles of mastication | buccal fat pad |
| largest salivary gland and the palpable superficial portion of the gland lies beneath the skin and over the mandibular ramus and masseter m., facial n. runs with this | parotid gland |
| leaves the anterior edge of the parotid gland midway between the zygomatic arch and corner of mouth, turns into the buccal fat pad and pierces the buccinator m. before going into the oral cavity | parotid duct |
| frontal bone, temporal bone, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bone, sphenoid bone | bones of parotid region |
| synovial joint that consists of an articular surface and disc, synovial membrane of the joint capsule, fibrous membrane of the joint capsule, and extracapsular ligaments | temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
| protrusion, retraction, elevation, depression | movements of TMJ |
| 3 fossas of the cranial fossa | anterior, middle, posterior |
| crista galli, lesser wing of sphenoid, greater wing of sphenoid, basilar part of occipital bone, cavernous sinus, internal occipital protuberance, hypophyseal fossa, groove for transverse sinus, groove for sagittal sinus | features of cranial fossa |
| frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary, zygomatic, nasal | parts of boney orbit |
| frontal eminance, frontal process of zygomatic bone, maxillary bone, foramina of orbit, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, greater wing of sphenoid bone, zygomatic arch of temporal bone, inferior orbital fissure | relationships to orbit |
| sulcus found between frontal and parietal lobes, also between precentral and postcentral gyri | central sulcus |
| sulcus found between parietal and occipital lobes | parieto-occipital sulcus |
| fissure between frontal/parietal and temporal lobes | lateral fissure |
| splits the right and left hemispheres | longitudinal fissure |
| the pituitary stalk is found inferiorly to which CN | optic n. |
| structures that produce CSF and transport it around the cranial cavity; lined by ependymal cells that form the choroid plexus; used for movement, maintenance, and shock absorption | ventricles of the brain |
| communicate drainage between the venous structures and superior sagittal sinus | arachnoid granulations |
| runs in the longitudinal fissure and separates right and left hemispheres | falx cerebri |
| tent-like sheet of dura covering the upper surface of the cerebullum | tentorum cerebelli |
| part of brain that has rich connections with parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes through long associated fibers running in the subcortical white matter; has high cognitive functions: intellectual, planning, judging | pre-frontal cortex |
| part of brain that elicits contraction of discrete m. groups on opposite sides of the body | primary motor cortex/precentral gyri |
| part of brain known as the auditory cortex that is responsible for conscious perception of sound and receives input from the medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus | temporal lobe |
| part of brain that lies in superior temporal gyrus, adjacent to primary auditory cortex and is involved in language processing, deficit in ability to understand language | Wernicke's area |
| part of brain that lies inferiorly to the frontal gyrus just anterior to the articulatory areas of the primary motor cortex, deficit in ability to produce language | Broca's area |
| the area of the cortex devoted to a particular body part is proportional, not in size, but to the degree of precision with which movements can be executed; therefore, the larynx, tongue, digits of hand, and ____ are represented by large regions | face |
| which sinuses do superficial veins mostly drain into | superior sagittal and cavernous |
| which sinus do deep veins mainly drain into | superior sagittal sinus |
| which sinuses does the superior sagittal veins sweep back and drain into | transverse sinuses |
| plexus of veins on either side of sella turcia | cavernous sinus |
| where the sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses join together and are drained by transverse sinuses | confluence of sinuses |
| compartment of the eye that is split from the other by the lens; contains ciliary body, aqueous humor, cornea, iris, and conjuctiva | anterior compartment |
| compartment of the eye that contains zonule fibers, rectus tendon, ora serrata, optic axis, visual axis, vitreous humor, pigment epithelium, retina, sclera, choroid, lamina cribosa, disc, fovea, optic n., sheath, macula lutea | posterior compartment |
| front clear surface of the eye that refracts or bends light, where LASIK is performed | cornea |
| what gives eyes their color, has a musculature structure that constricts or dilates the pupil to control how much light enters the eye | iris |
| contracts the lens of the eye and contributes to lens accommodations, also plays a role in the making of aqueous humor | ciliary body and fibers |
| takes focuses light from cornea and transmits to the retina for visual processing | lens |
| bathes the anterior compartment of the eye and provides nutrients to the structures | aqueous humor |
| ciliary m. contracts, all zonules relax and curl, tension in lens causes it to become rounder | Helmholtz theory of lens accommodation |
| ciliary m. contracts, centre zonules become tight, central part of lens becomes thicker and more steeply curved, front and back zonules relax and curl | Schachar theory of lens accommodation |
| layers of posterior compartment of eye | retina, choroid, and sclera |
| neural layer of posterior compartment of eye, site of phototransduction, deep layer | retina |
| vascular layer of posterior compartment of eye, supplies retina with blood, middle layer | choroid |
| tough connective tissue layer of posterior compartment of eye that maintains eye structure, superficial | sclera |
| area of highest visual acuity and is important for sharp central vision, just cones, smaller portion of macula, depression | fovea |
| circular, central depression surrounding the fovea; important for central visual acuity; rods and cones | macula |
| head of optic n. where fibers leave the eye, due to exiting of fibers there is a blind spot of the eye and holds no photoreceptors, central retinal a. | optic disc |
| if a man in a bar fight suffers a knife wound that severs CN VI proximal to its entrance into the orbit, which condition results from this injury | medial deviation |
| frequency and pitch, amplitude/loudness, duration, timbre, envelope, location | properties of sound |
| auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, and promontory make up what section of the ear | external ear |
| malleus, incus, base of stapes, and round window make up what section of the ear | middle ear |
| cochlea, semicircular ducts, ampullae, utricle, and saccule make up what section of the ear; contains both balance and auditory structures | inner ear |
| part of ear composed of cartilage and bones, lining of skin contains hairs and modified sweat glands that secretes earwax which protects skin | external auditory meatus |
| lies at an oblique angle and is attached on the medial side to handle of the malleus | tympanic membrane |
| air-filled space that contains a trio of bones called ossicles | tympanic cavity |
| form an articulated chain connecting the lateral and medial walls of cavity and transmit vibrations of tympanic membrane across the cavity to the cochlea | ossicles |
| aka the pharyngotympanic tube, communicates with the nasopharynx | eustachian tube |
| aka the hammer; consists of a head, neck, handle/manubrium, and lateral and anterior processes; rounded head articulates with incus in the epitympanic recess; handle is fused to medial surface of tympanic membrane and is attachment of tensor tympani m. | malleus |
| aka the anvil; consists of body and 2 processes, long process descends parallel and vertically to handle of malleus and articulates with stapes; short process extends horizontally back to fossa of incus and provides attachment for post. ligament of incus | incus |
| aka stirrup; consists of head, neck, 2 processes, and base; provides insertion for stapedius m.; hole through which stapedial a. is transmitted; base is attached by annular ligament to oval window | stapes |
| this houses organ or corti and translates sound frequencies and moves sound waves from external auditory meatus to cochlea | basilar membrane |
| hair cells that are more numerous and sparsely innervated, main job is to shorten and lengthen quickly in response to receptor potentials produced when basilar membrane vibrates | outer hair cells |
| hair cells that are closer to the center of the cochlea, are less numerous, highly innervated, and are a principle sources of sound info conveyed | inner hair cells |
| contains inner and outer hair cells that respond to auditory stimuli | organ of corti |
| extracts and defines various frequency components of a given signal, sorts out frequency components, determines amplitude, ids basic temporal aspects of signal | cochlea |
| auricle/pinna collects sound waves, tympanic membrane vibrates, ossicles vibrate, stapes pushes oval window producing fluid pressure waves, pressure in cochlear duct moves hair cells in organ of corti and release neurotransmitter onto CN VII | summary of sound transduction pt. 1 |
| microcilli are bent and produce receptor potentials which cause displacement of basilar membrane, stapes pushes on fluid of scala vestibuli, fluid vibration is dissipated at round window which bulges, central structure vibrates w/in cochlear duct | summary of sound transduction pt. 2 |
| 3 perpendicular semicircular canals, 2 otolith organs | vestibular organs |
| allows for adjustment of orientation in space in regard to movement and force, contributes to posture and spinal reflexes, responds to reflex movements and plays a role in visual tracking, provide perception of gravity and movement | vestibular system |
| overlies the vestibular hair cells | macula |
| you want the maculae in the utricle and saccule to be in ____ planes so they can have a better understanding of how much you're moving | different |
| arranged perpendicular to each other and detect both angular and rotational acceleration of head, can dilate and become the ampulla which is filled with endolymph | semicircular canals |
| gelatinous mass that separates the ampulla into 2 halves, each ampulla contains vestibular hair cells that are displaced when angular acceleration occurs, displacement of hair cells excited the receptors in 1 ampulla and inhibits the other | crista ampullaris |
| cylinder that links oral and nasal cavities in the head to the larynx and esophagus in the neck, has 3 parts, made up of 3 primary muscles | pharynx |
| acts as both a valve/sphincter to close lower respiratory tract and an instrument to produce sound; composed of 3 unpaired cartilages, 3 pairs of cartilages, a fibro-elastic membrane, and numerous intrinsic muscles | larynx |
| extends from superior margin of epiglottis to top of esophagus | laryngopharynx |
| opens to anterior wall of laryngopharynx where air will be exchanged with respiratory system | laryngeal inlet |
| lower portion of laryngeal wall and entrance to trachea is supported by this unpaired cartilage which forms a complete ring, most inferior, supports trachea | cricoid cartilage |
| largest of unpaired laryngeal cartilages, makes up Adam's apple | thyroid cartilage |
| unpaired laryngeal cartilage that is leaf-shaped and attached to the posterior aspect of the thyroid angle by way of thyro-epiglottic ligament | epiglottis |
| arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform | paired laryngeal cartilages |
| paired laryngeal cartilage that allows for the attachment of vocal ligaments | arytenoid cartilages |
| tough fibro-elastic ligament that spans between the superior margin of thyroid cartilage below and hyoid bone above | thyrohyoid membrane |
| membrane that runs from inferior portion of thyroid cartilage and superior portion of cricoid cartilage | cricothyroid membrane |
| aka false vocal folds | vestibular ligaments |
| aka true vocal folds | vocal ligaments |
| membrane that suspends false vocal folds | quadrangular membrane |
| suspends the true vocal folds, elasticity allows for movement | conus elasticus |
| vestibule, middle portion, infraglottic space | regions of cavity of larynx |
| region of cavity of larynx, between laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds | vestibule |
| region of cavity of larynx, between vestibular folds superiorly and true vocal folds inferiorly | middle portion |
| region of cavity of larynx, most inferior chamber, between true vocal folds and inferior opening of larynx | infraglottic space |
| quiet respiration, forced inspiration, phonation, effort closure, swallowing | functions of larynx |
| quiet respiration, phonation, swallowing, effort closure | actions of true vocal folds |
| nasal vestibule, respiratory region, olfactory region; actions are adjusting the temp and humidity of respired air | regions of nasal cavity |
| region of nasal cavity, internal to nares and is lined by skin and contains hair follicles | nasal vestibule |
| region of nasal cavity, largest part of nasal cavity, and is lined by respiratory epithelium composed mainly of ciliated and mucous cells | respiratory region |
| region of nasal cavity, located at apex of nasal cavity and is lined by olfactory epithelium | olfactory region |
| anterior apeture of nasal cavities, open into inferior surface of nose and are located in the nasal vestibule | nares |
| oval-shaped openings between nasal cavities and nasopharynx, surrounded by bone, allows communication between nasal canal and nasopharynx | chonae |
| characterized by 3 curved shelves of bone (conchae) which divide each nasal cavity into 3 air channels (meatuses): superior, middle, and inferior | lateral wall |
| elevation of middle meatus that is dome-shaped, formed by middle ethmoidal air cells | ethmoidal bulla |
| what does the frontal sinus drain into | frontonasal duct |
| infundibulum opening of frontonasal duct that drains frontal sinus and anterior ethmoidal cells and opening of maxillary sinus in floor of semilunar hiatus is found where | middle conchae |
| opening of sphenoidal sinus into spheno-ethmoidal recess is found where | superior conchae |
| opening of nasolacrimal duct is found where | inferior conchae |
| air-filled extensions of respiratory part of nasal cavity in frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla bones | paranasal sinuses |
| most superior of sinuses, triangular in shape, drains into lateral wall of middle meatus via frontonasal duct | frontal sinuses |
| form ethmoidal sinuses and are divided into anterior, middle, and posterior cells based on location | ethmoidal air cells |
| largest of paranasal sinuses and completely fills bodies of maxillae, opening is located in superior medial wall in center of semilunar hiatus | maxillary sinuses |
| open into roof of nasal cavity via apeture on posterior wall of spheno-ethmoidal recess, immediate relationship with pituitary gland | sphenoidal sinuses |
| where tears normally drain through small openings in corners of upper and lower eyelids called puncta and enter the nose through this, drains into inferior nasal meatus | nasolacrimal duct |
| consists of outer oral vestibule and oral cavity proper | oral cavity |
| ant. 2/3 and post. 1/3 are separated by a v-shaped terminal sulcus | tongue |
| drains via numerous small ducts which opens near submandibular duct | sublingual gland |
| passes forward bilaterally and opens at papillae near base of frenulum | submandibular duct |
| extends over masseter m. and drains into via parotid duct | parotid gland |
| separates oral cavity from nasal cavities and forms roof of oral cavity | hard palate |
| depression of this and elevation of posterior tongue allow for breathing while chewing | soft palate |
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