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A&P Exam 5
Ch. 27, 28, & 29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary sex organs? | testes and ovaries |
| What cells do primary sex organs produce? what hormones do they secrete? | gametes (sperm and ova) |
| What hormones do primary sex organs secrete? | androgens and estrogens |
| What is the optimal temperature for sperm production? | 3 degrees lower than body temp |
| How does the optimal temperature for sperm production compare to normal body temperature? | lower temperature requires for sperm production |
| What is the role of the dartos and cremaster muscles? | pull scrotum closer to body to aid in temp regulation |
| What is the role of the pampiniform venous plexus? | cool and absorb heat to keep lower temp |
| Where in the testes are sperm produced? | seminiferous tubules |
| What do the interstitial cells of the testes secrete? | androgens (testosterone) |
| What triggers the secretion of interstitial cells of the testes? | Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| What do the sustentacular cells of the testes secrete? | anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) |
| What triggers the secretion of sustentacular cells of the testes? | FSH |
| What is the copulatory organ of males? | penis |
| What is the copulatory organ of females? | vagina |
| What are the structures of the male duct system? | Epididymis > Ductus deferens > Ejaculatory duct > Urethra |
| Where are sperm stored? | epididymis |
| Where do sperm mature? | epididymis |
| Which of the male accessory ducts transports both sperm and urine? | urethra |
| What are the three major glands associated with the male reproductive system? | seminal glands, prostate, and bulbourethral |
| Which gland produces about 70% of the volume of semen? | seminal glands |
| Why would an enlarged prostate gland interfere with urination? | place pressure on the urethra disrupting flow |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls erection? | autonomic nervous system |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls ejaculation? | sympathetic nervous system |
| What type of cell division is required for gamete formation? | meiosis |
| What is spermatogenesis? | process of sperm and cell production |
| What is spermiogenesis? | final stage of spermatogenesis (mature to spermatozoa) |
| What structures are involved in spermatogenesis? | seminiferous tubules, spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, epididymis |
| What is the function of the blood-testis-barrier? | prevents sperm from escaping to blood and triggering an immune response |
| What are the secondary sex characteristics? | hair growth, skin thickening/oily, bone growth, skeletal muscle growth, libido |
| What are the cells called that surround the oocyte? | follicle cells (one cell layer) and granulosa cells (one+ layers) |
| What structure leads from each ovary to the uterus? | fallopian tube/uterine tube/oviduct |
| Where does fertilization generally occur? | fallopian tube/uterine tube/oviduct |
| What is an ectopic pregnancy? | oocyte is fertilized outside of uterus |
| Where is the usual site of embryo implantation? | Endometrium of the uterus |
| What are the three layers of the uterine wall? | perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| Which layer of the uterine wall is shed during menstruation? | endometrium |
| What are the structures that make up the vulva? | mons pubis, labia majora, vestibule, clitoris, perineum |
| Which structure of the female’s external genitalia has erectile tissue? | clitoris |
| What is the function of the mammary glands? | milk production |
| When does oogenesis begin? | in fetal period |
| When does an ovum finish meiosis II? | at fertilization |
| How many chromosomes are found in eggs? | 23 |
| How many chromosomes are found in sperm? | 23 |
| How many total gametes are produced after meiosis I and II in females? | meiosis I- 2 secondary oocytes meiosis II- 4 haploid cells (1/4 is functional) |
| How many total gametes are produced after meiosis I and II in males? | meiosis I- 2 secondary spermatocytes meiosis II- 4 functional sperm cells |
| What are the phases of the ovarian cycle? | follicular, ovulation, luteal |
| When does estrogen have a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary? | during most of menstruation cycle |
| When does estrogen have a positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary? | before ovulation |
| A surge in which hormone directly triggers ovulation? | LH |
| What are the phases of the uterine cycle? | menstrual, proliferative, secretory |
| In which phase is the endometrium shed? | menstrual |
| What are the functions of estrogens? | Stimulate development of secondary sexual characteristics. Stimulate growth of the endometrium. Support ovarian function. |
| What are the functions of progesterone? | Prepares the endometrium for implantation. Maintains pregnancy. Regulates the menstrual cycle. |
| What is the gene that causes an undifferentiated gonad to develop into testes? | SRY |
| What is menopause? | no menses for 1 year |
| What are the symptoms of menopause? | Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts irritability and depression hot flashes |
| *Once sperm are deposited into the vagina, sperm motility must be enhanced and they must be prepared to release hydrolytic enzymes from their acrosomes. What is this process called? | Capacitation |
| *The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is | Zygote-Morula-blastocyst |
| *Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form? | Placenta |
| * A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in a woman's blood or urine. | True |
| *Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system? | Ectoderm |
| *Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs? | Foramen Ovale |
| *A dangerous complication of pregnancy called __________ results in an insufficient placental blood supply, which can starve a fetus of oxygen. The pregnant woman becomes edematous and hypertensive, and proteinuria occurs. | Preeclampsia |
| *What would happen in a premature infant if insufficient surfactant were available? | alveolar collapse |
| *Maternal and embryonic blood cells normally intermix. | False |
| *From fertilization through week 8 of development, a developing individual is considered a/an | Embryo |
| *Which of the following provides fetal nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine functions during development? | Placenta |
| *How is colostrum different than breast milk? | less lactose, almost no fat; contains more protein, vitamin A, and minerals than true milk. IgA antibody rich |
| *Which of the following is not a benefit of breast feeding? | benefits: better absorption, IgA, |
| *Which of the following is NOT part of the block to polyspermy? | a decrease in zonal inhibiting proteins |
| * ______ cells participate in placenta formation and the ______ becomes the embryonic disc, which will form the embryo. | Trophoblast cells and Inner cell mass |
| *During pregnancy, ______ keeps uterus quiescent and prevents menstruation and ______ stimulates growth of myometrium and prepares for lactation. | Progesterone and estrogen |
| *Which of the following is NOT an extraembryonic membrane? | umbilical cord |
| *The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at | gastrulation |
| * Which of the following mesoderm derivatives is not matched correctly? | sclerotome- vertebrae and ribs dermatome- dermis of skin myotome- skeletal muscles |
| *Multivitamins with ______ reduce fetal risk of neurological problems, such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and spontaneous preterm birth. | Folic acid |
| *During the initial stages of labor, increased ______ causes production of oxytocin receptors by the myometrium, the formation of gap junctions between uterine smooth muscle cells, and antagonizes the calming effects of progesterone. | Estrogen |
| * and prostaglandins are powerful uterine muscle stimulants | Oxytocin |
| *Which of the following is NOT a stage of labor? | Stages are: dilation ,Expulsion, & Placental |
| *In the process of ______, oocytes and sperm are incubated in culture dishes for several days and embryos at the 2-cell to blastocyst stage are then transferred to the uterus in hopes of implantation | In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) |
| *Which statement is most correct? | Alleles are gene pairs that occur at the same locus. |
| *An allele that can mask another allele is said to be | dominant |
| *Your phenotype is the physical output of your genotype. | True |
| *A woman has blond hair and brown eyes. This statement is best described as indicating | phenotype |
| * What is the result of one chromatid segment forming a chiasma with a homologous chromatid segment? | Recombinant chromosomes |
| *Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic diversity that arises during meiosis? | mutation |
| *A female infant is born with around one million oocytes, each one genetically unique. This is due to | independent assortment and random crossover |
| *If two parents are heterozygous (Tt) for a trait, which of the following is NOT a possibility for their offspring? | All of their offspring would be dominant for the trait. |
| *Because lethal dominant genes are always expressed and result in the death of the embryo, fetus, or child, dominant gene disorders are NOT seen among adults. | False |
| *Skin color, controlled by three separately inherited genes that *each exist in two allelic forms (A, a; B, b; C, c), is an example of which form of inheritance? | Polygenic inheritance |
| *The genetic determination of blood type is based on __________ inheritance. | Multiple-allele |
| *Which of the following is true concerning environmental influence on genetic expression? | Drugs, alcohol, and nicotine plus environment |
| *Nuclear DNA is NOT the only source of genetic information in the cell. Which of the following is another source of DNA in the cell? | Mitochondria |
| *Pedigrees and blood tests are both means of | carrier recognition |
| *Recessive alleles are best defined as | only expresses in present in a double dose |
Created by:
sayagiselle
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