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A&P Exam 3
Ch. 22 & 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major functions of the respiratory system? | gas exchange, blood pH regulation, voice production, olfaction, protection |
| What are the four processes of respiration? | pulmonary respiration, internal respiration, external respiration, gas transport |
| What is external respiration? Internal respiration? | exchange of gases between lungs and blood exchange of gases between blood and tissues |
| What are the functions of the nose? | warming, humidifying, air filtration, olfactory |
| What is rhinitis? | inflammation of nasal mucosa |
| What are the three regions of the pharynx? | nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx |
| Where is the pharyngotympanic tube? | in nasopharynx |
| Why is the pharyngotympanic tube important? | helps to equalize pressure between middle ear and atmosphere |
| What structures make up the conducting zone? | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles |
| What structures make up the respiratory zone? | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli |
| What functions are accomplished by the conducting zone? | transport gas to and from exchange sites |
| What functions are accomplished by the respiratory zone? | where gas exchange occurs |
| What are the functions of the larynx? | maintaining open airway, routing food and air to proper channels, producing sound for speech |
| What structure prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea? | epiglottis |
| What are the three layers of the wall of the trachea? | mucosa, submucosa, & adventitia |
| What prevents the trachea from collapsing? | cartilage rings |
| What are the anatomical differences between the right and left main bronchi? | rt main bronchus is wider, shorter, & more vertical |
| What is the respiratory membrane? | where gases are exchanged between alveoli and blood |
| What is the normal thickness of the respiratory membrane? | 0.5 to 1 micrometer |
| What are alveolar type I cells? | form structure of alveolar wall |
| What are alveolar type II cells? | secrete surfactant |
| Which alveolar cell secretes surfactant? | Alveolar type II |
| What is the difference between the pulmonary and bronchial circulations? | pulmonary carries deoxygenated blood from rt ventricle to lungs, bronchial carries oxygenated blood to lungs |
| What are the serosal membranes surrounding the lungs? | parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
| What do the serosal membranes surrounding the lungs do? | reduce friction and create pressure gradient for lung expansion |
| What is atmospheric pressure? | pressure exerted by air surrounding the body |
| What is Intrapulmonary pressure? | pressure inside the lungs |
| What is Intrapleural pressure? | pressure inside pleural cavity |
| How do volume, pressure and flow relate to each other in the lungs? | pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume |
| How do volume, pressure and flow change for inspiration? | volume increases so intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure |
| How do volume, pressure and flow change for expiration? | volume decreases so intrapulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure |
| What is the relationship between pressure and volume according to Boyle’s law? | P1V1=P2V2 |
| What is the major muscle for breathing? | diaphragm |
| What is the main nerve that controls the diaphragm? | phrenic nerve |
| What are the three factors that influence pulmonary ventilation? | airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance |
| What is the relationship between flow, resistance and pressure? | flow is directly proportional to pressure difference and inversely proportional to resistance |
| What effect does albuterol have on bronchiole diameter? | epi and albuterol are bronchodilators |
| What is surfactant? | substance produced by alveolar type II cells |
| How does surfactant prevent alveoli from collapsing? | reduce surface tension in alveoli preventing collapse |
| What factors influence lung compliance? | elasticity of lung tissues, & surface tension of alveoli |
| What is minute ventilation? | total volume of air breathed in one minute |
| What is Alveolar ventilation rate? | volume of air that reaches respiratory zone per minute |
| What does Dalton’s law say about the total pressure of a gas mixture? | total pressure of gas mixture= sum of pressures of each individual gas in mixture |
| What are the top two major gasses in the air we breathe in order of abundance? | nitrogen & oxygen |
| What are the factors that influence external respiration? | partial pressure gradients, gas solubility, membrane thickness, & surface area available for gas exchange |
| If perfusion to a portion of the lung is greater than ventilation, how do the pulmonary arterioles respond? | pulmonary arterioles constrict |
| If perfusion to a portion of the lung is less than ventilation, how do the pulmonary arterioles respond? | pulmonary arterioles dilate |
| Where in the body is the blood with the highest partial pressure of CO2? | systemic tissues |
| Where in the body is the blood with the lowest partial pressure of CO2? | pulmonary capillaries |
| Where in the body is the blood with the highest partial pressure of O2? | pulmonary capillaries |
| Where in the body is the blood with the lowest partial pressure of O2? | systemic tissues |
| What percentage of oxygen is carried in the blood plasma? | 1.5% |
| What percentage of oxygen is carried in the red blood cells? | 98.5% |
| Up to how many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry? | 4 oxygen molecules |
| What is oxyhemoglobin? | hemoglobin bound to oxygen |
| What is deoxyhemoglobin? | hemoglobin without oxygen |
| What factors influence hemoglobin saturation? | partial pressure of oxygen, temperature, pH, PCO2, & concentration of 2,3-BPG |
| In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? | 25% |
| What is venous reserve? | oxygen that tissues can still use in venous blood |
| How does an increase in temperature affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? | decreases affinity |
| How does a decrease in temperature affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? | increases affinity |
| What is the Bohr effect? How does pH relate to oxygen unloading? | increasing blood CO2 or decreasing blood pH decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen |
| What is hypoxia? | not enough oxygen being delivered to tissues |
| How does CO2 get transported in the blood? | transported as dissolved CO2 |
| In which form is most CO2 found in the blood? | bicarbonate ions |
| What is the Haldane effect? | increasing blood oxygen decreases its ability to carry CO2 while decreasing ability to carry CO2 |
| How does blood PCO2 relate to blood pH? | blood PCO2 and pH are opposites |
| How can a change in respiration affect blood pH? | altering levels of CO2 and the concentration of carbonic acid |
| What chemical factors influence respiratory rate? | changing PCO2, PO2, and pH |
| What is the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing more in a healthy person? | increased CO2 |
| How do changes in blood PCO2, PO2, and pH affect respiratory rate? | stimulate chemoreceptors in brainstem |
| How do the following factors influence respiratory rate? Temperature, exercise, lung stretch receptors | temperature, exercise, & lung stretch receptors affect metabolic demands, psychological factors, & lung inflation |
| In what parts of the brainstem are respiratory centers found? | medulla and pons |
| What is the difference between hyperventilation and hyperpnea? | hyperventilation- increased depth and rate of breathing hyperpnea- increased ventilation |
| What are the main functions of the digestive system? | food intake, breaking down, absorb, & rid body of undigestible remains |
| What are the two groups of digestive system organs? | alimentary canal (GI tract) & accessory digestive organs |
| What are the accessory digestive organs? | teeth, tongue, gallbladder, digestive glands |
| What is digestion? What are the two types? | breaking down food into tiny pieces to use for energy and nutrients. mechanical (chewing, churning, segmentation) & chemical (acids and enzymes dissolving food) |
| What is the physiological process that moves digested fragments from the outside of the body into the blood or lymph? | absorption |
| What is peristalsis? | wave pushing food down digestive system |
| What is segmentation? | local constriction of intestine mixing food w/ digestive juices |
| What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity? | peritoneum ( visceral peritoneum- external surface of organs & parietal peritoneum- lining body wall) |
| What are mesenteries? | double layer of peritoneum providing route for blood vessels, holding organs in place, & storing fat) |
| What are the layers of the alimentary canal wall and what do they do? | Mucosa-secrete mucus/digestive enzymes/hormones, & protect against disease submucosa- support/cushion layer muscularis externa- muscle layer that allows segmentation and peristalsis serosa- outer layer, protects and supports |
| What is the enteric nervous system? | mini brain in gut helping to digest food |
| What are the two nerve plexuses in the wall of the alimentary canal? | submucosal -gland regulation and smooth muscle myenteric- controls gi tract motility |
| What is the general role of the parasympathetic nervous system in digestive function? | enhances digestive process |
| What is the general role of the sympathetic nervous system in digestive function? | inhibits digestion |
| What are the different types of lingual papillae? | filiform, fungiform, foliate, & circumvallate |
| What type of lingual papillae contain taste buds? | fungiform, foliate, & circumvallate |
| Which extrinsic salivary gland is inflamed in mumps? | parotid gland inflammation |
| How are the two types of salivary gland secretory cells different from each other? | serous: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, & mucin mucous: mucus production |
| What are the layers of a tooth from superficial to deep? | crown, root, pulp cavity, pulp, root canal, apical foramen |
| Where along the alimentary canal does the transition from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle occur? | at pharynx |
| Where along the alimentary canal does the transition from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium occur? | esophagus and stomach |
| Where is the gastroesophageal sphincter? | in the esophagus |
| What uncomfortable problem does the gastroesophageal sphincter prevent? | heartburn |
| What is deglutition? | swallowing in two phases: buccal and pharyngeal-esophageal |
| What are the functions of the stomach? | temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of proteins |
| What are the major cell types of the gastric glands? | mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells |
| What do the major cell types of the gastric glands secrete? | mucous, HCl & intrinsic factor, pepsinogen |
| What do the gastric gland secretions do? | HCl (denatures protein, activates pepsin, break plant cell walls, kill bacteria) & intrinsic factor (B12 absorption) |
| What cell type secretes pepsinogen? | Chief cells |
| What is pepsinogen? | inactive enzyme that gets activated by HCl |
| What does pepsinogen become when it is activated? | Pepsin |
| What does pepsinogen digest? | proteins |
| Which gastric gland cell type produces intrinsic factor? | Parietal cells |
| What does intrinsic factor do? | absorbs B12 in small intestine |
| What disease is associated with a lack of intrinsic factor? | pernicious anemia |
| How is the stomach protected from the acidic pH and the digestive enzymes? | has mucosal barrier |
| What are the main phases of regulating gastric secretion and motility? | cephalic reflex phase ( triggered by aroma etc.) gastric phase( release of more digestive juices & enzymes) intestinal phase ( brief release of enteric gastrin) |
| What is the primary role of the enterogastric reflex? | inhibits acid secretion |
| Taking a histamine receptor blocker would most affect the digestion of which category of macromolecules? | digestion of proteins |
| What molecules stimulate acid production in the stomach? | histamine, gastrin, acetylcholine |
| How does the fat content of a meal affect the emptying rate of food from the stomach? | increases digestion time from 4 to 6 hours |
| What structures make up the hepatic portal triad? | hepatic portal artery, hepatic portal vein, bile ducts |
| What is bile? | fat emulsifier |
| Where is bile produced? | liver |
| Where is bile stored and concentrated? | galbladder |
| Where is bile secreted? | secreted in small intestine |
| What does bile do? | helps digest fats |
| What increases bile secretion? | increase in response to presence of fatty foods |
| What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? | production of pancreatic juice |
| What enzymes are found in pancreatic juice? | proteases (proteins), amylase (carbs), lipase (lipids), & nucleases (nucleic acid) |
| What are the major food groups? | carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins/minerals, water |
| What hormone stimulates the secretion of the pancreatic enzymes? | CKK- cholecystokinin |
| What organ produces most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine? | pancreas |
| Where along the alimentary canal does the majority of nutrient digestion occur? | small intestine |
| Where along the alimentary canal does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? | small intestine |
| Where along the alimentary canal are amino acids absorbed? | small intestine |
| Where along the alimentary canal are monosaccharides absorbed? | small intestine |
| Where along the alimentary canal are fatty acids absorbed? | small inetstine |
| What are the structures of the small intestine that increase the surface area for effective absorption? | length, circular folds, villi, microvilli |
| What are the main subdivisions of the large intestine? | cecum, colon, rectum, appendix, anus |
| What are some of the processes of the bacterial flora in the large intestine? | fermentation and vitamin synthesis |
| What are the major functions of the large intestine? | propulsion of feces & defecation |
| What stimulates the defecation reflex? | stretch |
| What are diverticula? | small pouches that develop in colon |
| Where does carbohydrate digestion begin and finish? | begin in mouth and finish in small intestine |
| Where does protein digestion begin and finish? | begins in stomach and ends in small intestine |
| Where does fat digestion begin and finish? | begins in mouth and ends in small intestine |
Created by:
sayagiselle
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