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CH 10 Vocabulary
Muscle Tissue Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| actin | protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber |
| action potential | change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers |
| agonist | (also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion |
| antagonist | muscle that opposes the action of an agonist |
| appendicular | of the arms and legs |
| axial | of the trunk and head |
| cardiac muscle | striated muscle found in the heart; joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. |
| concentric contraction | muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load |
| contractility | ability to shorten (contract) forcibly |
| contraction phase | twitch contraction phase when tension increases |
| depolarize | to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest |
| eccentric contraction | muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished |
| elasticity | ability to stretch and rebound |
| excitability | ability to undergo neural stimulation |
| excitation-contraction coupling | sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber’s sarcomeres |
| extensibility | ability to lengthen (extend) |
| insertion | end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to the structure (usually a bone) that is moved when the muscle contracts |
| intercalated disc | part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes |
| isometric contraction | muscle contraction that occurs with no change in muscle length |
| isotonic contraction | muscle contraction that involves changes in muscle length |
| lactic acid | product of anaerobic glycolysis |
| latent period | the time when a twitch does not produce contraction |
| motor end-plate | sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| motor unit | motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates |
| muscle tension | force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions |
| muscle tone | low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement |
| myofibril | long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres |
| myosin | protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber |
| neuromuscular junction (NMJ) | synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal |
| neurotransmitter | signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells |
| origin | end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to another structure (usually a bone) in a fixed position |
| power stroke | action of myosin pulling actin inward (toward the M line) |
| recruitment | increase in the number of motor units involved in contraction |
| relaxation phase | period after twitch contraction when tension decreases |
| sarcolemma | plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber |
| sarcomere | longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction |
| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca++ |
| skeletal muscle | striated, multinucleated muscle that requires signaling from the nervous system to trigger contraction; most skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles that move bones and produce movement |
| smooth muscle | nonstriated, mononucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways |
| synaptic cleft | space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate |
| T-tubule | projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell |
| tetanus | a continuous fused contraction |
| thick filament | the thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-discs |
| thin filament | thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere |
| treppe | stepwise increase in contraction tension |
| triad | the grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae |
| tropomyosin | regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin |
| troponin | regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium |
| twitch | single contraction produced by one action potential |
| visceral muscle | smooth muscle found in the walls of visceral organs |
| wave summation | addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction |
Created by:
Btownsley85
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