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Chap - 4
PharmacologyHSC1149
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| refers to type of preparation in which the drug is supplied | drug form |
| drugs are prepared, by pharmaceutical companies, in the form(s) most suitable for its intended | route of delivery and means of absorption |
| drug form and drug preparation are | synonymous |
| PDR lists forms available for each drug under the heading | how supplied |
| capsule | cap |
| elixir | elix |
| suppository | supp |
| suspension | susp |
| intramuscular | IM |
| intravenous | IV |
| intravenous piggyback | IVPB |
| oral | PO, po, per os |
| rectal | R |
| subcutaneous | subq |
| drug molecules are present in variety of sizes/shapes allowing for absorption through skin at various rates | dermal patches |
| dermal patches | transdermal delivery system |
| dermal patches provide a __, __ flow of a drug over a long period of time | constant, even |
| consistent blood level of drug because drug is released at ___ rates, rather than all at once | varying |
| most common use today for dermal patches is for prevention of | angina |
| disk of compressed drug; variety of shapes/colors; coated to enhance swallowing; may be scored to enhance equal distribution if it has been broken | tablet |
| evenly divided in halves or quarters by line | scored |
| tablet w/special coating that resists disintegration by gastric juices; dissolves further down GI tract, in intestinal region | enteric-coated tablet |
| drug contained w/in gelatin-type container; easier to swallow; chamber may be pulled apart to add drug powder to soft foods | capsule |
| capsule containing drug particles that have various coatings that differ in amount of time required before coatings dissolve; designed to deliver dose of drug over period of time | time-released/sustained-released capsule |
| advantage of time-released/sustained-released capsule form is | decreased frequency of administration |
| time-released/sustained-released capsules contain different colored pellets which cannot be | crushed or mixed with food |
| if the coating of the different colored pellets in time-released/sustained-released capsules is damaged it will cause the drug to be released | all at once |
| time-released/sustained-released capsules should be | swallowed whole |
| tablets containing palatable flavoring, indicated for a local effect on the throat or mouth | lozenge (troche) |
| lozenges should be allowed to | dissolve in the mouth |
| in order to prevent washing of the lozenge contents from the throat/mouth, patient is advised not to __ __ for 15 minutes after administration | drink liquids |
| liquid form of medication that must be shaken well before administration because drug particles settle at bottom of bottle; drug not evenly dissolved in liquid | suspension |
| common antibiotic suspension for children | cephalosporin (Keflex) |
| liquid drug preparation that contains oils and fats in water | emulsion |
| liquid drug forms w/alcohol base; should be tightly capped to prevent alcohol evaporation; should not be available to alcoholics | elixir, fluid extract |
| sweetened, flavored liquid drug form | syrup |
| liquid drug form in which drug is totally, evenly dissolved; appears clear, rather than cloudy/settled | oral solution |
| commonly available OTC and include thousands of trade name products | oral route administered drugs |
| drug suspended in a substance, such as cocoa butter, that melts at body temperature | suppository |
| drug suspended in solution to be administered as an enema | enema solution |
| often the choice of administration if patient is ordered NPO or cannot swallow | rectal route of administration |
| sedatives, antiemetics, & antipyretics are most commonly administered | rectally |
| drug suspended in a sterile vehicle | injectable solution |
| injectable solutions w/sterile water base are referred to as | aqueous solutions |
| injectable solutions w/oil base are referred to as | viscous solutions |
| dry particles of drugs; must be mixed w/sterile diluting solution to render injectable | powder |
| sterile water or saline solution used to dilute powder form | reconstitution of a drug |
| powder forms are supplied undiluted because of the short period of time they remain ___ after dilution | stable |
| various injection routes differ according to the type of tissue into which the drug is deposited and the | rate of absorption |
| injected directly into a vein; immediate absorption & availability to major organs renders dangerous | intravenous |
| small volume of drug injected through syringe & needle into peripheral saline lock, attached to a vein | IV push |
| IV push can also be injected into a port on a __ __ __ | primary injection line |
| large volume of fluids, often with drugs added, that infuse continually into a vein | IV infusion/drip |
| when adding medication to IV solution bag through the injection port, in order to disperse the drug throughout the solution instead of concentrating at the bottom of the bag, it is necessary to | invert bag a few times |
| drug diluted in moderate volume (50-100mL) of fluid for intermittent infusion at specified intervals, usually q6-8h | IV piggyback (IVPB) |
| with an IVPB the diluted solution is infused into a port on the main __ __ or into a __ __ on the catheter | IV tubing; rubber adapter |
| injected into a muscle, by positioning needle & syringe at 90-degree angle from the skin; absorption fairly rapid due to vascularity of muscle | intramuscular injection |
| injected into fatty layer of tissue below skin by positioning needle/syringe at 45-degree angle from skin | subcutaneous injection |
| subcutaneous injection may be route of choice for drugs that should not be absorbed as rapidly as through the | IV & IM routes |
| injected just beneath skin, by positioning needle bevel up & syringe at 15-degree angle from skin; primarily for allergy testing | intradermal injection |
| intradermal injection causes greatest reaction in __ tissue | local |
| when small amount of drug injected intradermally the amount of redness can determine whether a person is | sensitive to a drug |
| TB tests are administered | intradermally |
| redness alone, without swelling, on a TB test does not indicate a positive result; the raised area is | measured |
| injected into catheter placed by anesthesiologist in epidural space of spinal canal; pain medicine administered by bolus or continuous infusion through tubing attached to bag of saline solution | epidural |
| epidural catheters have been used to administered opioid analgesics for | chronic intractable pain & chemotherapy |
| have become popular & widely accepted vehicle for management of acute, postoperative pain | epidurals |
| injected directly into heart; used to administer adrenaline as last resort to resuscitate patient whose heart has stopped | intracardiac injection |
| injected into subarachnoid space that surrounds spinal cord; frequently anesthetics which render lack of sensation to those regions distal to injection | intraspinal injection |
| intracardiac & intraspinal injections are less common parenteral routes which are limited to | physician administration |
| injected into capsule of a joint, usually to reduce inflammation | intracapsular (intra-articular) |
| shoulders, elbows, wrists, ankles, knees, & hips are joints often injected with anti-inflammatory drugs for | arthritis / bursitis |
| drugs for dermal/mucosal application | topical drugs forms |
| semisolid preparation containing a drug, for external application; dose differs for each | cream/ointment |
| cream/ointment are topical drug forms used for | dermal application |
| if the skin is wet use | cream |
| if the skin is dry use | ointment |
| liquid preparation applied externally for treatment of skin disorders | medicated lotion |
| unlike hand lotions, medicated lotions should be __ __ __ on the affected skin | patted not rubbed |
| preparation for external use that is rubbed on the skin as a counterirritant | liniment |
| liniments create a different sensation that helps to __ __ in the skin or muscles | mask pain |
| skin patch containing drug molecules that can be absorbed through skin at varying rates promoting consistent blood level between applications | dermal patch |
| most common route of administration for nitroglycerin | dermal patch & ointment |
| vasodilator used in treatment of angina | nitroglycerin |
| ability to prevent angina by slow, consistent release of drug over period of time | nitroglycerin external application advantages |
| prior to external applications, nitroglycerin was administered sublingually at | the time of angina attack |
| 1-5 inches applied q8h measured & applied on special Appli-Ruler paper | nitroglycerin ointment |
| one patch (avail. in varied dosages) usually applied every 24 hours for angina; or applied every 24-72 hours depending on condition treated | nitroglycerin dermal patch |
| other drug preparation considered topical are those that are applied to | mucosal membranes |
| drugs in sterile liquids to be applied by drops; referred to as instillation of drops | eye, ear, & nose drops (gtt) |
| sterile semisolid preparation, often antibiotic in nature, for ophthalmic use only | eye ointment |
| medicated creams, often antibiotic/antifungal in nature, to be inserted vaginally with use of special applicator | vaginal creams |
| drug suspended in substance that melts at body temp, for local effect | rectal & vaginal suppositories |
| sterile solution, often an antiseptic, used to irrigate vaginal canal | douche solution |
| tablet that is absorbed via the buccal mucosa in mouth; not to be swallowed; dissolve between cheek & gum; not commonly used today | buccal tablet |
| tablet absorbed vie mucosa under tongue; not to be swallowed; dissolves slowly under tongue | sublingual tablet |
| sublingual nitroglycerin most common sublingual tablet, reaching bloodstream immediately via | sublingual capillaries |
| liquid drug forms that may be inhaled as fine droplets via use of spray bottles, nebulizers, or metered dose inhalers | spray/mist |
| in a hospital setting __ __ install liquid into chamber of nebulizer for patient's breathing treatment | respiratory therapists |
| bronchodilator, mucolytic agent, or sterile saline solution for moisture are common | liquids instilled in nebulizers |
| rely on use of inhalers to keep their bronchioles open by inhaling the mist of a bronchdolator | asthma patients |
| anesthetics that are introduced via the respiratory route for general anesthesia | gas |
| used for dispensing tablets & capsules | paper medicine cups |
| used for dispensing oral liquid medications; measurements marked on the sides | plastic 1-oz medicine cups |
| crushes pills into fine powder that can be added to a beverage/food and taken, instead of having to swallow the whole pill at one time | metal pillcrusher |
| glass cup in which tablets may be placed to be crushed | mortar |
| club-shaped glass tool used as the crushing device to pulverize tablets | pestle |
| ampules, vials, or prefilled syringes contain | injectable medications |
| small glass container that holds a single dose of sterile solution for injection; must be broken at neck to obtain solution | ampule |
| glass container sealed at top by rubber stopper to enhance sterility of contents; may be solution/powered drug that needs to be reconstituted; multiple/single dose | vial |
| contain large quantities of solution (up to 50 mL) & may be entered repeatedly through rubber stopper to remove portions of contents | multiple-dose vials |
| contain small quantities of solution (1-2 mL) that are removed during a single use; widely used as means of controlling abuse/removal of excess amounts of solution from a drug vial | unit-dose vials |
| needle length varies from short, 3/8" to medium 1 to 1-1/2 for | standard injections |
| may be used by physician for intraspinal/intracardiac routes | 5" long needle |
| needle 2-5" long used by physician for | intra-articular injections |
| number that represents diameter of needle lumen | gauge |
| vary from 16 (largest) to 27 (smallest, with higher numbers representing smaller lumen | needle gauges |
| standard hypodermic, tuberculin, & insulin are the 3 most common disposable syringes for | parenteral administration |
| when a patient is to apply an eye ointment, the medication is administered for its | local effect |
| all hypodermic syringes are marked with calibration of | 10 calibrations per mL |
| all insulin dosages should be checked by __ __ prior to administration | two caregivers |
| when administering an injection of 2-3 mL solution a __ __ syringe should be used | standard hypodermic |
| standard hypodermic can be used for | subQ or IM injections |
| when using a standard hypodermic syringe you must know the amount of solution needed to the nearest | 0.1 mL |
| total capacity is only 1 mL; very narrow & finely calibrated; 100 fine calibration lines marking capacity; each line represents 0.1-mL increments; most commonly used for newborn/pediatric dosages & intradermal skin tests | TB syringe |
| used strictly for administering insulin to diabetics; 1-mL capacity equivalent to 100 units of insulin; each calibration is counted as 2 units | insulin syringe |
Created by:
lfrancois
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