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A&P II Special sense

QuestionAnswer
What are the five special senses? Olfaction/ Gustation/ Vision/ Equilibrium/ Hearing
2. Which special senses are considered chemical senses? Smell and taste
3. Where are the olfactory organs located? Nasal cavity/ sides of nasal septum
4. What are the two layers of the olfactory organs? Olfactory epithelium & Lamina Propria
5. Know the cells of the olfactory epithelium and their functions. Supporting Cells// Basal(stem)cells: Divide to replace lost cells
6. What is found in the lamina propria of the olfactory organs? Areolar tissue/ Blood vessels/ Nerves/ Olfactory glands
7. Why are olfactory glands essential to smell? Surface area must stay moist so odor chemicals can dissolve
8. What do olfactory receptors detect? Dissolved chemicals
9. What happens to axons leaving the olfactory epithelium? Collect into 20 or more bundles/ Penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid/ Reach olfactory bulbs of cerebrum
10. What happens to axons leaving the olfactory bulb? Travel along olfactory tract to reach olfactory cortex, hypothal, and portions of limbic system
11. Which special sense reaches the cerebral cortex without synapsing in the thalamus? Olfactory (smell)
12. How are damaged or worn-out olfactory receptors replaced? Basal cell divides to replace them
13. Smells trigger very strong emotional responses. Why? Smell bypasses the thalamus. b/c of this, there is a stronger, more direct link btwn smell and memory formation
14. What is gustation? Provides info about the foods and liquids consumed
15. Where are taste receptors located? Distributed on tongue/ Clustered into taste buds
16. What is a taste bud? Where are taste buds located? Associated with epithelial projections on superior surface of tongue/ inside the lingual papillae
17. What are the bumps on your tongue called? What do they contain? Lingual papillae that contain many taste buds
18. Know the cells of taste buds and their functions. Basal Cells: Divide to replace lost cells
19. Know the types of taste sensations. Sweet/ Salty/ Sour/ Bitter/ Umami- Meaty flavors
20. How are gustation and olfaction similar? They dissolve chemicals on contact hairs
21. What are the major structures and secretions of the external ear and their functions? Auricle: surrounds EAM (protect canal opening, funnels sound, directional sensitivity)/ Tympanic membrane: thin sheet & separates external and middle ear
22. What is the tympanic membrane? Thin, semitransparent sheet that separates external and middle ear
23. What is the function of cerumen? Keeps foreign obj out of tympanic membrane/ Slows growth of microorganisms in EAM
24. What is the auditory tube? What is its function? Connects to nasopharynx, protects the three auditory ossicles/ Permits equalization of pressure on either side of tympanic membrane
25. Know each of the ossicles of the middle ear. What is the function of these ossicles? Malleus (hammer)/ Incus (anvil)/ Stapes (stirrup)// They conduct vibrations to inner ear
26. What are the three major subdivisions of the internal ear? What sensations are provided at each of these? Vestibule: Sensations of gravity and linear acceleration
What are the three major subdivisions of the internal ear? What sensations are provided at each of these? Semicircular canals: Stimulated by rotation of head
What are the three major subdivisions of the internal ear? What sensations are provided at each of these? Cochlea: Provides sense of hearing
27. What are the basic receptors of the inner ear? Hair cells
28. How do the semicircular canals function to provide sensations of head rotation? Know the structures involved. Anterior, posterior, lateral ducts/ Contains ampulla w/ gelatinous cupula and stereocilia
29. How do the utricle and saccule function to provide sensations of gravity and acceleration? Know the structures Maculae covers hair cells/ Statoconia (calcium crystals) sit on the macula/ when gravity and acceleration shifts the statoconia & macula, it stimulates the hair cells which send info about the mvmt to the brain.
30. Define: frequency, pitch, amplitude, decibels. Number of waves that pass fixed reference point at given time- how fast sound is moving
Define: frequency, pitch, amplitude, decibels. Our sensory response to frequency/ How high or low a sound is to us
Define: frequency, pitch, amplitude, decibels. Intensity of sound wave
Define: frequency, pitch, amplitude, decibels. Reported sound energy
31. What is the spiral organ? What does it consist of? How does it work? (slide 53) Runs thru mid of cochlear duct// Basilar & tectorial membrane// Pressure waves in cochlea cause mvmt of basilar membrane at specific points, causing tectorial membrane to move against the stereocilia hair cells
32. Understand the process of how a sound sensation occurs. (slides 57-58)
33. Know the accessory structures of the eye and how they function to protect the eyeball. (slides 63-69)
34. What are the three layers of the eye? Outer fibrous layer/ Intermediate vascular layer/ Deep inner layer
35. What are the two cavities of the eyeball? What separates these? Large posterior cavity & smaller anterior cavity// Separated by lens and ciliary body
36. What separates the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity? Separated by the Iris
37. What are the structures and functions of the fibrous layer? Cornea- Helps light enter the eye// Sclera (white of the eye)- Provides structure and support
38. What are the functions of the vascular layer? Provides route for blood vessels and lymphatics/ Regulates amt of light/ secretes and reabsorbs humor/ Controls shape of lens in order to focus
39. What is the iris? How is it related to the pupil? Contains papillary muscles that change diameter of pupil
40. How is the pupil opened and closed to allow more or less light into the eyeball? Sympathetic dilates pupil/ parasympathetic constricts pupil
41. What causes people to have different eye colors? Based on genetics
42. What is the ciliary body? Structure responsible for suspending and adjusting the shape of the lens
43. What is the choroid and what are its major functions? Vascular layer that seperates fibrous and inner layers on posterior portion of eye// Consists of blood vessels that deliver O2 and nutrients to retina
44. What are the two layers of the inner layer? Outer pigmented part & inner neural part
45. The inner layer is often called what? Retina
46. What is found in the pigmented part of the inner layer? What is the function of this? Contains retinal pigment epithelium/ Absorbs light into the back of the eye
47. What is found in the neural part of the inner layer? Visual receptors (photoreceptors) and associated supporting neurons (
48. What is a photoreceptor? Specialized to detect light
49. What are the two types of photoreceptors found in the eye? Rods & Cones
50. What are the structures and functions of the inner layer? Rods: grayscale vision, highly sensitive to light, vision in dim or nighttime conditions Cones: Sensitive to colors, sharp vision, densely clustered in fovea
51. Compare and contrast the two kinds of photoreceptors. Rods: Grayscale vision Cones: Sensitive to colors
52. What is the fovea and why is it located where it is? What is concentrated at the fovea? Center of macula at the end of the visual axis
53. What is the optic disc and why is it a blind spot? Where all the nerve fibers converge and form the optic disc/ Contains large blood vessels to supply eye with O2 and nutrients
54. What is the lens? Empty organelles that are filled with crystallins, which provide clarity and focusing power
55. What is light refraction? Cornea and lens refract light arriving in the eye to strike the retina at the appropriate places, creating a focused image
56. What is the function of the lens? Changes shape to focus on nearer or farther objects
57. What is accommodation? When the ciliary muscles makes lens flatter or wider; depending if the viewed object is farther or nearer
58. What structures are responsible for changing the shape of the lens? Ciliary muscles
59. The lens changes ______________ to focus on nearer or farther objects. shape
60. What are myopia and hyperopia? How are these conditions corrected? Nearsightedness/ eyeball is too deep or curvature of lens to great= distant blurred images and normal close-range images// Corrected with a diverging concave lens
61. How is depth perception achieved? Comparing relative positions of objects between left-eye and right-eye images
62. What is circadian rhythm? How are the eyes involved? Body's sense of day & night/ Affects metabolic process, melatonin production, and other hormones
63. How do most optical illusions work? By taking advantage of the brain's ability to fill-in or guess information
64. Know the pathways for each of the special senses (from Visible Body)
18. Know the cells of taste buds and their functions. Transitional Cells: Support and fill-in space btwn gustatory cells
18. Know the cells of taste buds and their functions. Gustatory Cells: Extend taste hairs through taste pore. Survives 10 days before replacement.
21. What are the major structures and SECRETIONS of the external ear and their functions? Ceruminous glands: Integumentary glands along EAM (secretes waxy material; keeps foreign obj out of tympanic membrane & slows growth of microorganisms)
60. What are myopia and hyperopia? How are these conditions corrected? Farsightedness/ eyeball too shallow or lens is too flat/ Ciliary muscles must contract to focus on far objects/ lens cannot refract properly at close range// Corrected with converging, contact lens
Created by: Clinton Perdue
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