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SCI220-Stack#1
Week1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The knee is ________ to the foot. | proximal |
| All of the following are characteristics of human life except | synthesis by scientists. |
| The ________ system is involved in immunity. | lymphatic |
| Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? | spinal cord |
| The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into a cranial cavity and a spinal cavity. | True |
| Muscles are ________ to the skin. | deep |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular. |
| As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to | the infero-medial aspect of the back. |
| The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. | anterior |
| The brain is ________ to the skull. | deep |
| The inguinal region lies | where the thigh joins the trunk. |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular |
| An example of a tissue in the body is | epithelium |
| _____ refers to an inner region of an organ, whereas _____ refers to an outer region or layer of an organ. | Medullary; cortical |
| The space that encloses the brain and spinal cord forms one continuous cavity called the _____ cavity. | dorsal |
| Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? | developmental anatomy |
| Regarding directional terms, superior means | toward the head. |
| The plane that divides the body into front and back portions is the _____ plane. | coronal |
| A coronal section through the human body can | pass through both ears. |
| The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. | superior |
| Which structure is located entirely within the right upper quadrant? | gallbladder |
| Another name for the midsagittal plane is | median. |
| The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the _____ cavities. | abdominal and pelvic |
| A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. | coronal |
| The chest is ________ to the abdomen. | superior |
| Physiology is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. | function |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called: | sagittal. |
| The gallbladder lies in the: | abdominal cavity. |
| The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are: | cells |
| The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the _____ plane. | transverse |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n): | tissue |
| Several kinds of tissues working together are termed a(n): | organ |
| The structure that is called the “powerhouse” of the cell is the: | mitochondria |
| The lungs are located in the: | thoracic cavity. |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | Proximal |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: | ventral/dorsal. |
| Popliteal refers to the: | area behind the knee. |
| The neck is ______ as compared to the right shoulder. | Medial |
| A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions. | front and back |
| In anatomical position the wrist is ___________ as compared to the elbow | inferior |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. | right and left |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? | Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac |
| The brain is ______ as compared to the skull | deep |
| Which of the following does not describe anatomical position? | Pinky is lateral as compared to the thumb |
| What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface? | Superficial |
| Blood production is a function of which system? | Skeletal |
| Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of life? | Balance |
| When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n): | tissue |
| The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the following except the: | heart |
| The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint? | Umbilicus |
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are: | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. |
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region. | right hypochondriac |
| The mediastinum contains all of the following except the: | right lung. |
| The number of abdominal regions is: | nine. |
| An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n): | tissue |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: | organelles. |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes _____, and the solution becomes more _____. | down; acidic |
| As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits? | hydrolysis |
| As the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) increases, the: | Both A and C are correct. |
| Acids | release hydrogen ions. |
| Which subatomic particles carry a charge? | Protons and electrons |
| What decomposition reaction requires the addition of a water molecule to break a bond? | hydrolysis |
| An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n) | isotope |
| For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion, it must: | lose an electron. |
| Hydrolysis _____ a water molecule. | breaks down compounds by adding |
| Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances? | decomposition reaction |
| The element oxygen has an atomic number of 8, which means it contains: | eight protons. |
| Which of the following is not a subatomic particle? | Radon |
| The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is an example of a: | synthesis reaction |
| Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the: | transfer of electrons from one atom to another. |
| Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called: | covalent |
| The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| Atoms with fewer than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability. This tendency is called the | octet rule |
| A molecule that is polar: | can form a hydrogen bond has an unequal charge |
| The atomic number tells you the | number of protons in the nucleus. |
| The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of: | protons in its nucleus |
| A force holding two atoms together is a(n) | chemical bond. |
| The most abundant element essential to life is | carbon |
| Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be | polar |
| What term is used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells? | metabolism |
| A weak acid: | dissociates very little in solution |
| Electrolytes are: | called cations if they have a positive charge |
| An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons | eight |
| A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms is called a(n) _____ bond. | covalent |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n) | element |
| The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be | polar |
| Salts: | All of the above are correct. |
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body? | 96% |
| Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called | electrolytes |
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n): | electron |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? | Helium |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? | Zinc |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| Which of the following bonds are the weakest? | Hydrogen |
| The approximate pH of gastric fluid is: | 2 |
| An example of an element would be: | Ne |
| An example of a catabolic process is: | hydrolysis |
| Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? | Iron |
| A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution. | alkaline (basic) |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| When atoms combine, they may gain, lose, or share | electrons |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: | catabolism, anabolism, ATP requirements |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | Decomposition |
| An ionic bond is formed by: | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. |
| AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. | exchange |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called: | bases |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain _____ protons, _____ neutrons, and _____ electrons. | 12; 13; 10 |
| The most abundant and important compound(s) in the body is(are): | water |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| In the presence of a base, red litmus paper will: | turn blue |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | Four |
| Acids: | proton donors taste sour release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the: | solution becomes more acidic |
| Which of the following represents properties of water? | high specific heat high heat of vaporization strong polarity |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of: | one proton and two neutrons. |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is: | two |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of: | protons |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? | microvilli |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? | microtubules |
| This organelle has both a cis and a trans face. | Golgi apparatus |
| A major function of the cell membrane is to | control what enters and leaves the cell |
| Often referred to as the “power plant” of the cell, which organelle is the site of ATP production? | mitochondrion |
| Which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell? | centrosome |
| In the matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded. Some of these proteins serve as passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. These proteins are called | transport proteins |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope. | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae | mitochondria |
| Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? | centriole |
| The outer boundary of a human cell is called the | plasma membrane |
| The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called | cytoplasm |
| Which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other? | gap junction |
| This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases. | lysosome |
| A spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the “command center” of the cell is the | nucleus |
| This membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes. | peroxisome |
| Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the | mitochondrion |
| The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except | tubulin protein |
| This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. | Golgi apparatus |
| Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged | as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads |
| Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? | They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. |
| Ribosomes are organelles that | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| This organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells. | peroxisome |
| The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as: | plasma membrane |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: | peroxisomes |
| The inner membrane of what double-membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae? | Mitochondrion |
| How do vesicles move from place to place in an organized way within the cell? | Molecular motors pull them along the microtubules and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called: | cilia |
| A list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would read: | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the: | glycoprotein molecules |
| Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by: | desmosomes |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the: | phospholipid bilayer |
| In the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule: | both A and B |
| The largest human cell, measuring about 150 μm, is a: | female sex cell or ovum |
| Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | Provides a site for ribosome attachment |
| The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the: | lysosome |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? | Lysosomes |
| Which of the following is not a function of the integral membrane proteins? | All of the above are functions of the integral membrane proteins |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: | microvilli |
| The nucleolus is composed chiefly of: | rRNA |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | Microfilament |
| Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? | Cell division |
| Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell? | Proteasomes |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | Cholesterol |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called: | chromatin |
| Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called: | caveolae |
| Main cell structures include all of the following except: | interstitial fluid |
| The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center. | centrosome |
| Which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells? | Immune cells |
| The fundamental organizational unit of life is the: | cell |
| Which of the following does not describe a structure or function of the proteasome? | All of the above are structures or functions of proteasomes. |
| The nucleus is the only structure in the cell that contains DNA. | False |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? | collagen |
| The External Ear is composed of | elastic cartilage |
| The connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called _____ membranes | synovial |
| The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer | reticular |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the | arrector pili muscle |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial |
| The two major categories of body membranes are | epithelial and connective |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | proteins and proteoglycans |
| Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? | cardiac |
| Which of the following contains intercalated disks? | cardiac muscle |
| Which of the following contains osteocytes? | bone |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called | keratin |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands. | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to | None of the above |
| The structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | hypodermis |
| Adipose tissue is | a storage tissue |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the | basement membrane |
| Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the | epidermis |
| Which of the following is not a principal type of tissue? | cardiac |
| Which of the following tissues lack a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? | cartilage |
| The _____ junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. | dermoepidermal |
| The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and | epidermis |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called | extracellular matrix |
| Which of the following is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | stratum corneum |
| A lubricating substance produced by goblet cells is called | mucus |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? | epiderm |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin |
| The most common type of cartilage is | hyaline |
| The bone that articulates with the temporal bone in the only movable joint of the skull is the | mandible |
| The very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is the | lacrimal |
| Which of the following bones form the framework of the hand? | metacarpals |
| The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the | diaphysis |
| Which of the following is not a bone in the leg? | mandible |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| Anteriorly, each rib of the first seven pairs attaches to the | sternum |
| Which of the following is a bone in the axial skeleton? | vertebra |
| The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are | axial and appendicular |
| Which of the following is(are) not in the appendicular skeleton? | vertebrae |
| Fibrocartilage can be found in the | symphysis pubis |
| Which of the following is not a type of bone? | regular |
| Spongy bone is characterized by | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. |
| If you are working on an archeological dig and find the remains of a human pelvis with a subpubic angle of 110 degrees, you can assume that this pelvis belongs to a | female |
| The bone that claims the distinction of being the only bone in the body that articulates with no other bones is the | hyoid |
| Where are the smallest bones in the body located? | Ears |
| Why are the last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs? | Floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum |
| Which two bones compose the shoulder girdle? | clavicle and scapula |
| Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called | myeloid tissue |
| Cartilage is classified as _____ tissue | connective |
| The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the | sternum |
| What structures firmly hold the foot bones firmly in their arched position? | ligaments and tendons |
| Of the five metacarpal bones that form the framework of the hand, the _____ metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones. | thumb |
| _____ fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage | Collagenous |
| The two bones that form the framework for the forearm are the | radius and ulna |
| Which of the following is a facial bone? | zygomatic bone |
| The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the | lumbar vertebrae |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the | pubic symphysis |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist? | carpals |
| The term _____ is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. | agonist |
| The continuous low level of sustained contraction maintained by all skeletal muscles is muscle | tone |
| Muscles that move the forearm include which of the following? | All of these are correct |
| The common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus is called the | calcaneal tendon |
| This arrangement of muscle fascicles tends to be triangular in shape. The Pectoralis major is an example of a muscle with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement. | convergent |
| The Sartorius muscle, a thin straplike muscle would have muscle fascicles arranged in | parallel |
| The long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle is a description of this type of fascicle arrangement | parallel |
| In addition to the Pectoralis major, another muscle that displays this pattern of fascicle arrangement is Latissimus dorsi. | convergent |
| The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and is outside the epimysium and tendon is called the | fascia |
| The muscle fascicle arrangement for Orbicularis oris is best characterized as | circular |
| The muscle that helps hold the scapula against the thorax and is useful in pushing or punching movements is the | serratus anterior |
| An example of a muscle with this type of fascicle arrangement is the orbicularis oris. | circular |
| The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the | origin |
| The biceps brachii has this fascicle arrangement, which maximizes the range of motion possible. | parallel |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sidesis categorized as | bipennate |
| The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the | transverse abdominis |
| Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers can be | extrinsic or intrinsic |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into only one side of the tendon is categorized as | unipennate |
| Muscles with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement are either fusiform or straplike in appearance. | parallel |
| The individual muscle fibers are covered by a connective tissue membrane called the | endomysium |
| Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a(n): | muscle fiber |
| Poor posture puts abnormal strain on bones and may eventually produce deformities | True |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | prime mover |
| The pectoralis major muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | convergent |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the head is incorrect? | The splenius capitis muscle is sometimes called the prayer muscle because it causes the head to bow. |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: | opponens pollicis |
| The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever. | third |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: | foot |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? | Biceps brachii |
| Movement is one of the most distinctive and easily observed “characteristics of life.” | True |
| The action of the brachialis muscle is to _____ the forearm. | flex |
| Muscles that move the upper arm originate on the: | clavicle and scapula |
| The muscle that flexes the semipronated or semisupinated forearm is the: | brachioradialis |
| All of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff muscles except the: | deltoid |
| The muscle that raises or lowers the shoulders or shrugs them is the: | trapezius |
| The flexor muscles that move the fingers are mostly located on the: | anterior medial surface of the forearm |
| There are more than 600 muscles in the body. | True |
| Which of the following is not a posterior muscle that acts on the shoulder girdle? | Pectoralis minor |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the foot? | Sartorius |
| The linea alba is a band of connective tissue that runs over the rectus abdominis from the xiphoid process to the pubis. | True |
| The covering of individual muscle fibers is the: | endomysium |
| Which of the following muscles does not move the upper arm? | Trapezius |
| Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle. | circular |
| Fascia is a general term for the fibrous connective tissue found under the skin and around muscle. | True |
| Just as individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system, individual muscles are the organs of the muscular system. | True |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? | Sacrospinalis |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is incorrect? | When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs. |
| Which of the following is not a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group? | Biceps femoris |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect? | All of the above are correct |
| The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. | True |
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