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Patho Chap 1 & 2
Cell Regulation & Cancer Study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Etiology | the original cause of cellular alteration of disease |
| Homeostasis | a condition of equilibrium when various physiologic factors are within normal limits |
| allostasis | body's way of adapting to acute stress to maintain homeostasis |
| cellular adaptation | protective mechanism to prevent cellular and tissue harm because of stressors |
| pathogenesis | the manner of development of a disease |
| histology | microscopic study of tissue & cells for diagnostic purposes |
| biopsy | extraction of cell samples from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological examination |
| antigens | found on the cell membrane that serve as markers that allow the cell to be recognized as a part of the body or foreign |
| differentiation | the process of a cell changing from a simple form to a more specialized cell |
| plasma membrane | a complex boundary between intracellular and extracellular compartments |
| intracellular electrolytes | major ones are potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate |
| extracellular electrolytes | major ones are sodium chloride and calcium |
| nucleus | the control center of the cell because it contains instruction to make proteins, which then make other molecules that are needed for cellular function and survival |
| cytoplasm | the fluid in organelles outside the nucleus but still within the membrane |
| organelles | embedded in the cytoplasm are the organs of the cells and these include ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs |
| endoplasm reticulum | proteins are either secreted from the cell or they are synthesized and stored for later use |
| golgi apparatus | modifies substances that are made in the ER and packs them into secretary vesicles and helps to turn large carbohydrate molecules into smaller glycoproteins |
| lysosomes | digestive system of the cell, contains powerful enzymes that break down excess worn out cell parts and foreign substances that are actually inside the cell |
| mitochondria | power plant of the ell where cellular respiration occurs |
| atrophy | shrinking cells |
| hypertrophy | enlarging cells |
| physiologic hypertrophy | enlargement that is normal for the body |
| pathologic hypertrophy | abnormal enlargement |
| hyperplasia | increase in the number of abnormal cells in an area and occurs in response to noxious stimulus .. once the stimulus is removed cells return to normal |
| metaplasia | a reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another in response to chronic irritation |
| dysplasia | characterized by deranged cell growth of specific tissue resulting in cells that vary in shape, size, and organization |
| neoplasia | new growth and like anaplasia are cancerous cells |
| vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) | stimulates vessels when increased blood flow is needed |
| nitric oxide | dilates vessels |
| endothelin | vasoconstrictor |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death that gets rid of unwanted / unnecessary cells |
| Infarction | the death of tissue as a consequence of prolonged ischemia, caused by ischemic necrosis |
| necrosis | cell death to injury, irreversible process that initiates inflammatory reaction |
| gangrene | occurs from bacteria that grow in the dead tissue |
| angiogenesis | production of new blood vessels which are needed to provide extra blood supply to tissues that are becoming hypertrophy |
| dysfunction of sodium potassium pump | leads to abnormal accumulation of sodium inside the cell which impairs osmotic or fluid solute balance |
| loss of plasma membrane integrity | can allow harmful substances into the cell and allow important cellular components to escape |
| defects in protein synthesis | can lead to cell death |
| injury from biogenetic agents | able to replicate and continue to produce their injurious effects |
| intracellular accumulations | can lead to disrupted cell function |
| injury from nutritional imbalances | obesity -- chronic inflammation can lead to lack of vitamins that are needed |
| free radical injury | species are reactive chemicals that are unpaired with electrons in the extracellular environment |
| hypoxia | inadequate oxygen delivery to tissue |
| immunological reactions | when the immune system turns on itself |
| atherosclerosis | the build up of plaque and occlusion of the arteries and its a chronic narrowing/ hardening of the blood vessel wall |
| hypertension | causes damage through shearing forces which overtime weakens the walls of the vessels |
| hyperglycemia | high blood sugar from diabetes causes chemical injury to the endothelial wall which can lead to chronic vasoconstriction |
| hyperlipidemia | excess lipids are in the blopd |
| free radicals | come from the environment and cause cellular changes within the body to lead to endothelial injury (ex: cigarette smoke) |
| clostridium perfringes | an anaerobic bacteria that proliferates in the exposed necrotic tissue and it emits a gas idetnifiable as foul as odor associated with gangrene |
| wet gangrene | bacteria invade tissue |
| wet gangrene symptoms | swells, odor, oozes ex: ulcer wound that gets infected |
| dry gangrene symptoms | shrinks and black ex: frostbite |
| dry gangrene | no blood supply |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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