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Unit 7 study guide

Unit 7 study guide for biology

QuestionAnswer
Deoxyribonucleic acid AKA DNA
Transformation Process of which one strain of bacteria is changed from another strain
Nitrogenous base Carbon ring structure that contains 1 or more ring structure
Purine Double ring structure
Examples of Purines Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines Single ring structure
Examples of pyrimidines Cytocine and thymine
Replication Process by which DNA makes copies of itself
Gene Region of DNA that contain the instructions of the polypeptide chain
Protein Synthesis Malfunctioning of genes
Messenger RNA Carries coded instruction for protein synthesis from the DNA
Ribosomal RNA Make up of ribosomes
Transfer RNA Bring amino acid to the ribosomes in the correct order
Transcription Process of transferring information from a strand of DNA to a strand of RNA
Codon Has 3 base codes of DNA and RNA
Translation The process of converting the information of a sequence of amino acids in protein
Introns Sequence of bases within genes that are not part of a code for proteins
Extrons DNA that are actually codes for the protein
Gene Mutation Change in the sequence of nucleotides within a gene
Point mutation Change in a single base pair in DNA or RNA
What is CTAGGCA going CTAGGCG Point mutation
What is CTAGGCA going to CTAGGCGA Frameshift Mutation
Mutagens Any factor in the environment that causes mutations in DNA
Anything that causes cancer Carcinagens
Nucleotides DNA consisted of long strand of repeating subunits
Describe the structure of DNA Double helix shaped; is genetic material; consisted of long strands of repeating subunits called nucleotides
Describe the structure of RNA Single-stranded and contains a single strand of uracil instead of thymine; Uses ribosomes; types of this is involved in protein synthesis
Describe the different between DNA and RNA DNA is a double-stranded molecule, RNA is a single: DNA is stable under alkaline conditions, RNA is not stable
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
What are the four nitrogenous bases in RNA Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
What did Friedrich Miescher do Investigated the chemical makeup of cell nuclei; figured out that the material inside the nucleus was half cell protein and half something else
What did Frederick Griffith do Tried to figure out how bacteria make people sick
What were Frederick Griffith's diseased named Disease causing bacteria named S and it grew in smooth colonies; Non-disease causing bacteria named R and it grew in rough colonies
What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Performed an experiment using viruses that infect bacteria; used radioactive materials to label the protein and DNA of the viruses
What were Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase convinced That DNA is the genetic material
What did James Watson and Francis Crick do The nitrogenous base holds two strands of DNA together with hydrogen bonds which can only form between certain bases
What are the only things that nitrogenous bases can come together from A-->T and C-->G
Describe DNA replication When the double helix unwinds , enzymes breaks bonds between base pairs, new strands are assembled from free-floating nucleotides
What are the four steps of transcription 1. Section of the two DNA strands unwinds and separates, 2. enzymes RNA polymers matches the free RNA nucleotides with their complementary DNA bases
What are the other steps of transcription 3. Enzymes link the RNA nucleotides together and an mRNA strand is completed 4. mRNA breaks away and leaves the nucleus to move to a ribosome
Describe translation Takes place in a ribosome in the cytoplasm, composed of long chains of amino acids, must be carried by tRNA, each tRNA molecule attaches to only one type of amino acid
Describe genetic mutations When genes are mutated; can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, and cell division
What are the 2 different type of mutations Point mutation and Frameshift mutation
Point mutation When there is the same number of codons and only one of the point changes keeping the same number of codons
Frameshift mutation When a letter in the codon is added or taken away causing the entire codon to shift
Point mutation ACCATAG -->ACCATAT
Frameshift mutation ACCATAG --> ACCATAGA
What causes MUTATIONS Forms of radiation, such as X-rays, cosmic rays, ultraviolet light, and nuclear radiation, are dangerous mutagens which are mutation causing bacteria
What are the cancer causing MUTAGENS Tar in cigar smoke, burnt foods, and viruses
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