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Unit 7 study guide
Unit 7 study guide for biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deoxyribonucleic acid AKA | DNA |
| Transformation | Process of which one strain of bacteria is changed from another strain |
| Nitrogenous base | Carbon ring structure that contains 1 or more ring structure |
| Purine | Double ring structure |
| Examples of Purines | Adenine and Guanine |
| Pyrimidines | Single ring structure |
| Examples of pyrimidines | Cytocine and thymine |
| Replication | Process by which DNA makes copies of itself |
| Gene | Region of DNA that contain the instructions of the polypeptide chain |
| Protein Synthesis | Malfunctioning of genes |
| Messenger RNA | Carries coded instruction for protein synthesis from the DNA |
| Ribosomal RNA | Make up of ribosomes |
| Transfer RNA | Bring amino acid to the ribosomes in the correct order |
| Transcription | Process of transferring information from a strand of DNA to a strand of RNA |
| Codon | Has 3 base codes of DNA and RNA |
| Translation | The process of converting the information of a sequence of amino acids in protein |
| Introns | Sequence of bases within genes that are not part of a code for proteins |
| Extrons | DNA that are actually codes for the protein |
| Gene Mutation | Change in the sequence of nucleotides within a gene |
| Point mutation | Change in a single base pair in DNA or RNA |
| What is CTAGGCA going CTAGGCG | Point mutation |
| What is CTAGGCA going to CTAGGCGA | Frameshift Mutation |
| Mutagens | Any factor in the environment that causes mutations in DNA |
| Anything that causes cancer | Carcinagens |
| Nucleotides | DNA consisted of long strand of repeating subunits |
| Describe the structure of DNA | Double helix shaped; is genetic material; consisted of long strands of repeating subunits called nucleotides |
| Describe the structure of RNA | Single-stranded and contains a single strand of uracil instead of thymine; Uses ribosomes; types of this is involved in protein synthesis |
| Describe the different between DNA and RNA | DNA is a double-stranded molecule, RNA is a single: DNA is stable under alkaline conditions, RNA is not stable |
| What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA | Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| What are the four nitrogenous bases in RNA | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil |
| What did Friedrich Miescher do | Investigated the chemical makeup of cell nuclei; figured out that the material inside the nucleus was half cell protein and half something else |
| What did Frederick Griffith do | Tried to figure out how bacteria make people sick |
| What were Frederick Griffith's diseased named | Disease causing bacteria named S and it grew in smooth colonies; Non-disease causing bacteria named R and it grew in rough colonies |
| What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase | Performed an experiment using viruses that infect bacteria; used radioactive materials to label the protein and DNA of the viruses |
| What were Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase convinced | That DNA is the genetic material |
| What did James Watson and Francis Crick do | The nitrogenous base holds two strands of DNA together with hydrogen bonds which can only form between certain bases |
| What are the only things that nitrogenous bases can come together from | A-->T and C-->G |
| Describe DNA replication | When the double helix unwinds , enzymes breaks bonds between base pairs, new strands are assembled from free-floating nucleotides |
| What are the four steps of transcription | 1. Section of the two DNA strands unwinds and separates, 2. enzymes RNA polymers matches the free RNA nucleotides with their complementary DNA bases |
| What are the other steps of transcription | 3. Enzymes link the RNA nucleotides together and an mRNA strand is completed 4. mRNA breaks away and leaves the nucleus to move to a ribosome |
| Describe translation | Takes place in a ribosome in the cytoplasm, composed of long chains of amino acids, must be carried by tRNA, each tRNA molecule attaches to only one type of amino acid |
| Describe genetic mutations | When genes are mutated; can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, and cell division |
| What are the 2 different type of mutations | Point mutation and Frameshift mutation |
| Point mutation | When there is the same number of codons and only one of the point changes keeping the same number of codons |
| Frameshift mutation | When a letter in the codon is added or taken away causing the entire codon to shift |
| Point mutation | ACCATAG -->ACCATAT |
| Frameshift mutation | ACCATAG --> ACCATAGA |
| What causes MUTATIONS | Forms of radiation, such as X-rays, cosmic rays, ultraviolet light, and nuclear radiation, are dangerous mutagens which are mutation causing bacteria |
| What are the cancer causing MUTAGENS | Tar in cigar smoke, burnt foods, and viruses |
Created by:
Johnathan Fogleman
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