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Chapter 17: Enlight
The Age of Enlightenment: the Eighteenth-Century Though
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Philosophes | -intellectuals, writers, and critics who championed economic and political reforms in the emerging print culture -interested in greater freedoms and liberties -sought rational improvement on many levels of society |
| Isaac Newton | -determining the role of gravitation in the relationship between objects enabled other Europeans to realize that much remained to be discovered -his use of empirical support for general laws became an important feature of Enlightenment thought |
| John Locke's view of Psychology | -all humans begin life as a tabula rasa (Blank page) -gave Enlightenment thinkers grounds for arguing that the human condition could be improved by modifying the surrounding social and political environment. |
| Print culture | -a culture in which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own -helped spread the ideas of philosophes -public became more literate |
| public opinion | the collective effect on political and social life of views circulated in print and discussed in the home, the workplace, and centers of leisure. |
| British Toleration | -Britain's domestic stability, religious toleration, freedom of the press, small army, unregulated domestic life, and political sovereignty of Parliament acted as an example for Enlightenment thinkers. |
| Obstacles to reform | -Louis XIV's heavy taxation, absolute monarchy, religious persecution, and large standing army perceived as obstacles to reform |
| Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet) | -most influential philosophe -suggested reforms in his books ("Letters on the English" and "Candide") -believed he could improve French life by modeling his theories on the English system |
| "Letters on the English" | -Voltaire -suggested reforms based on the English system |
| "Candide" | -Voltaire -attacked war and religious persecution |
| "Encyclopedia" | -assembled by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert -a major undertaking by Enlightenment thinkers -the product of writing by more than 100 authors -survived many attempts at censorship -included most advanced ideas of the day |
| The Enlightenment and Religion | -philosophes were critical of Christianity -felt that it focused attention on the world to come to the detriment of the present condition -objected to the power structure of the old regime, which gave special rights to clergy |
| "Crush the Infamous Thing" | -Voltaire's famous slogan that summed up the general attitudes of philosophes toward Christianity |
| Deism | -belief that religion and reason could be combined -popular among some of the philosophes -believed God must be rational -believed religion should be rational as well -believed that God existed and could be empirically justified in the study of natur |
| Cesare Beccaria | -attacked torture and capital punishment in his work "On Crimes and Punishments" -used critical analysis to address the problem of making punishments just and effective. |
| Physiocrats | -18th c. French thinkers who attacked the mercantilist regulation of the economy -advocated a limited economic role for government -believed that all economic production depended on sound agriculture -leaders: Francois Quesnay and Pierre Dupont de Nemo |
| Adam Smith, an English economist | -believed that economic liberty was the foundation for a natural economic system -urged that the mercantilist system be abolished -believed individuals should be able to pursue their own economic interests -founder of laissez-faire |
| laissez-faire | -French phrase that mean "allow to do" -in economics the doctrine of minimal gov't interference in the working of the economy |
| four-stage theory of human social and economic developments | -Adam Smith -enabled Europeans to see themselves dwelling at the highest level of achievement -served as a major justification for their economic and imperial domination of the world |
| Baron de Montesquieu | -"Spirit of the Laws" held up the British constitution as an example of the wisest model for regulating the power of gov't -championed aristocracy in improving French political regime |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | -"The Social Contract" envisioned a society in which each individual could maintain personal freedom while participating as a loyal member in a larger community -saw human beings as enmeshed in social relationships -encouraged loyalty to the community |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | -"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" addressed the shortcomings of women and critiqued Rousseau |
| Women and the philosophes | -women gave philosophes access to their social and political contacts -provided a forum for philosophes to circulate their ideas |
| marquise of Pompadour | -Louis XV's mistress -helped the "encyclopedia" overcome censorship efforts |
| Madame de Tencin | -promoted Montesquieu's "Spirit of the Laws" by purchasing it and circulating it among friend |
| Enlightened Absolutism | -the phenomenon of several European rulers' embrace of the reforms set out by the philosophes -Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia |
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katsteve
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