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Anatomy Exam 4
Digestive, Urinary & Reproductive
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Digestive System | "disassembly line" - breaks down & absorbs food into forms that can be used by the body |
| Digestive Path | Mouth -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine -> Rectum -> Anus |
| Peristalsis | propelling food forward in GI tract |
| Segmentation | mixing food w/ back & forth contractions in GI tract |
| Secretion | digesting enzymes via acid & bile and using alkali & mucus for protection |
| Digestion | - breaking down food to the smallest absorbable unit - chemical (enzymes) & mechanical (chewing) breakdown |
| Absorption | - occurs through mucosa layer - nutrients & water move into blood/lymph vessel |
| Excretion | undigested material eliminated as poop |
| Walls of GI Tract | 1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. serosa |
| Mouth Function | - teeth chew food |
| Esophagus Function | moves food from pharynx -> stomach |
| Stomach | mechanical (contractions) & chemical (gastric juices) digestion of food - delivers chyme into small intestine |
| Chyme | digested mixture of food produced by stomach |
| Small Intestine | Digestion & Absorption |
| Small Intestine Digestion | - breaks down proteins, carbs, & lipids to absorbable sizes - neutralizes acid from stomach - finishes chemical breakdown (enzyme & bile) |
| Small Intestine Absorption | 90% of nutrients are absorbed here b/c its long & has a large surface area |
| Mucosa Structure | 1 - innermost layer - epithelial layer |
| Musoca Function | 1 - secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones - absorbs end products of digestion - protects against infection |
| Submucosa Structure | dense connective tissue (2) |
| Submucosa Function | contains nerves and blood/lymph vessels (2) |
| Enteric Nervous System | controls & coordinates digestive system - regulates movement, gland secretion, & blood flow |
| Muscularis Structure | - 2 layers of smooth muscle - Longitudinal (P) & Circular Layer (S) (3) |
| Muscularis Function | responsible for movement, peristalsis from longitudinal layer & segmentation from circular layer (3) |
| Serosa Structure | outermost layer of connective tissue (4) |
| Serosa Function | protects GI tract & anchors it in place (allowing for movement) (4) |
| Sphincters Structure | thick muscular rings that separate some of the organs |
| Sphincters Function | controls & regulates entrance & exit of food - mixes food w/ gastric juices - prevents acid from entering esophagus or too much from entering small intestine |
| Does the stomach absorb nutrients? | No, the small intestine does |
| Salivary Glands | secrete saliva |
| What kind of organ is the pancreas? | exocrine & endocrine organ (gland secretion & hormones) |
| Pancreas Exocrine Functions | - secrets sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid - secretes digestive enzymes (proteases, pancreatic amylase, lipase) |
| Pancreas Endocrine Functions | - regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) |
| Gallbladder Functions | concentrates & stores bile from the liver |
| Liver Functions | - produces bile - processes nutrients in blood - detoxification of blood (from drugs, alcohol, etc.) |
| Large Intestine | - absorbs nutrients & water - temporarily stores & eliminates waste |
| What organ secretes secretin? | small intestine |
| Secretin Function | stimulates pancreas to secrete water & bicarbonate |
| What organ secretes CCK? | small intestine |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) Function | - signals pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes - signals gallbladder to release bile |
| What organ secretes Gastrin? | stomach (when it stretches) |
| Gastrin Function | causes the release of gastric juice |
| What are the Gastric Juices? | - Hydrochloric Acid (HCR) - Pepsinogen - Mucus - Intrinsic Factor |
| Hydrochloric Acid | breaks down proteins & inhibits bacterial growth |
| Pepsinogen | from stomach, breaks down proteins |
| Mucus | protects stomach lining from acid |
| Intrinsic Factor | chemical needed to absorb vitamin B12 |
| Why doesn't gastric juice digest the stomach lining & wall? | b/c of the protective barrier of mucus |
| What organ secretes insulin? | pancreas |
| What organ secretes glucagon? | pancreas |
| Insulin Function | tells body cells to take up more glucose from blood (released when blood sugar is too high) |
| Glucagon Function | tells liver to release stored glucose (released when blood sugar is too low) |
| How do villi & microvilli aid in absorption? | they are large surface areas in small intestine that make it perfect for absorption b/c of duration & epithelial cells |
| Could you survive without your gallbladder? | yes because the liver produces enough bile to break down fat |
| What digestive activities occur in the stomach? | - digestion of food & stomach delivers chyme into small intestine - also regulates intake/output of food w/ sphincters |
| What is the hepatic portal vein & what does it do? | a vein that delivers blood to the liver from other digestive organs (spleen, stomach, intestines, etc.) |
| What is mechanical digestion and where does it occur? | chewing, occurs in the mouth & when stomach contracts |
| What is chemical digestion & where does it occur? | breakdown of food by enzymes & it occurs in the stomach via gastric juices |
| What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? | - Salivary Glands - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas |
| What are the processes of the digestive system? | 1. movement 2. secretion 3. digestion 4. absorption 5. elimination/excretion |
| What is pepsin responsible for breaking down? | proteins |
| Which layer of the GI tract wall would we find the enteric nervous system? | submucosa |
| Why is it important to have sphincters at the entrance & exit to the stomach? | - regulate intake/output of food, making sure only small amounts enter small intestine - stomach is highly acidic & can damage tissue if acid is leaked out |
| What are the names of the sphincters in the stomach? | - Gastroesophageal Sphincter (entrance) - Pyloric Sphincter (exit) |
| Urinary System | - Excretion - regulates fluid levels - regulates electrolyte levels - regulates pH |
| Urinary System Organs | - kidneys - ureters (2) - urinary bladder - urethra |
| What's the difference between the male & female urinary systems? | The urethra in men is longer than the urethra in women |
| Nephron Structure | long thin hollow tube associated w/ blood supply |
| What does a Nephron do? | Functional unit of the kidney - Site of filtration |
| Glomerular Capsule | cuplike space surrounding glomerulus where filtration occurs |
| Proximal Tubule | reabsorbing most of the water & solutes from filtrate; cells contain microvilli for increased surface area & absorption |
| Parts of a Nephron | 1. proximal tubule 2. loop 3. distal tubule 4. collecting duct |
| Loop | reabsorb rest of water that proximal tubule misses (2) |
| Distal Tubule | regulates water excretion (& NaCl reabsorption for dilute urine) (3) |
| Collecting Duct | regulates water excretion (& reabsorption for concentrated urine) (4) |
| Glomerulus | network of capillaries that reabsorb most of what's filtered (site of filtration) |
| Why does the kidney need a steady supply of blood? | to filtrate & excrete waste from blood |
| Kidneys | principal organ of urinary system |
| Ureters | two muscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys -> bladder |
| Urinary Bladder | hollow organ w/ 3 layers of smooth muscle that stores urine |
| Urethra | carries urine from bladder to outside of body |
| Arterioles | bring blood to glomerulus |
| What are the 3 steps of urine formation? | 1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion |
| Glomerular Filtration | filters blood plasma from capillaries into glomerular capsule via blood pressure |
| Where does Glomerular Filtration occur? | glomerular capsule / glomerulus |
| Tubular Reabsorption | most fluids & solutes are reabsorbed & returned to blood |
| Where does Tubular Reabsorption occur? | proximal tubule (cells lined w/ microvilli -> increased surface area) |
| Tubular Secretion | moves material from blood to the tubule - regulates electrolyte & pH - excretes harmful molecules |
| Where does Tubular Secretion occur? | distal tubule |
| What are nitrogenous wastes & where do they come from? | the breakdown of proteins that contain nitrogen excreted by kidneys |
| During filtration, what is filtered OUT of the blood? | water, small molecules, drugs, pesticides, preservatives, ammonia, potassium, hydrogen |
| During filtration, what is NOT removed from the blood? | large molecules & cells |
| What determines how concentrated urine is? | - ADH from pituitary tells collecting duct to reabsorb water if you need to converse it |
| What determines how dilute urine is? | ADH isn't released, so distal tubule reabsorbs salt but no water, producing dilute urine to get rid of excess water |
| Path of Urine | urine from collecting ducts -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder |
| Micturition Reflex | neutral reflex for emptying bladder stimulated by stretch receptors -> relaxes internal urethral sphincter |
| Role of Brain in Urination Reflex | brain can override reflex & control timing of urination via external urethral sphincter |
| 2 functions of bladder | to store & excrete urine |
| What tubes connect the bladder to kidneys & to external environment? | ureters -> bladder -> urethra |
| What is the purpose of stretch receptors? | to let the body know to excrete urine |
| How do the kidneys regulate water balance? | - ADH is released or withheld depending on body, collecting duct will increase/decrease water absorption, increase/decrease urine production |
| How do kidneys regulate electrolyte balance? | aldosterone secreted by adrenal gland increases salt reabsorption from distal tubule & collecting duct |
| Diuretic | any substance that increases the formation & excretion of urine |
| WHAT always follows WHAT? | water always follows salt |
| How do the kidneys regulate low blood volume/pressure? | kidneys release of renin from part of nephron -> angiotensin I -> angiotensin II -> constricts arterioles, raises blood pressure -> aldosterone -> increase Na+ reabsorption |
| How do the kidneys regulate high blood volume/pressure? | ACE inhibitors -> block production of angiotensin II -> reduces blood volume + release of ANP = decreases Na+ excretion |
| How do kidneys regulate pH balance? | - reabsorption of bicarbonate = basic - excretion of acid as ammonium = acidic |
| Which ion is excreted if too acidic? | ammonium (NH4+) or H+ |
| How do kidneys regulate red blood cell production? | erythropoietin stimulates production of RBCs -> triggers RBC production in bone marrow |
| How do kidneys regulate vitamin D levels? | sunlight -> skin -> inactive form of vit D -> liver -> kidneys convert it to active vitamin D |
| What is Vitamin D important for? | required for Ca2+ absorption |
| What happens if you have too much angiotensin II? | hypertension |
| What is Chronic Kidney Disease? | long-term, irreversible damage to nephrons -> reduced nephron function |
| What is Chronic Kidney Disease also known as? | end stage renal disease |
| What are some possible causes of Chronic Kidney Disease? | - diabetes, hypertension, high blood pressure, cv disease |
| What are some treatments for Chronic Kidney Disease? | - dialysis = cleanses blood by circulating it through a kidney machine - kidney transplant |
| When urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the ... | ureter |
| What hormone regulates salt balance? | aldosterone & ANP |
| Scrotum | (M) sac of skin & smooth muscle that holds testes outside body |
| Testes (seminiferous tubules) | (M) produce sperm |
| Epididymis | (M) mature sperm become motile & stored here |
| Ductus Deferens | (M) transports sperm to ejaculatory duct |
| Ejaculatory Duct | (M) transports sperm to urethra |
| Penis | (M) delivers sperm to female reproductive tract |
| Seminal Vesicles | (M) secrete fructose (provides source of energy for sperm) & produces most of the seminal fluid |
| Prostate Gland | (M) secretes watery alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pH |
| Bulbourethral Gland | (M) secretes lubricating mucus that cleanses urethra of urine before ejaculation |
| Serotoli Cells | (M) in testes, provide support & nourishment for cell division |
| LH | pituitary -> stimulates production of testosterone |
| FSH | pituitary -> supports function of sertoli cells -> formation of sperm |
| Inhibin | produced by serotoli cells, inhibits secretion of FSH |
| Testosterone | steroid hormone that controls growth & function of male reproductive tissues - determines rate of sperm formation |
| What stimulates testosterone production? | LH |
| What inhibits testosterone production? | estrogen & progesterone |
| Ovaries | site of storage & development of egg cells |
| Oviduct | ovaries connected to uterus via fallopian tubes (oviduct) - fertilization occurs |
| Uterus | hollow organ where fertilized egg grows & develops |
| Cervix | narrow opening between uterus & vagina |
| Endometrium | inner layer that supports fertilized egg & sheds during period |
| Myometrium | smooth muscle that expands during pregnancy & constricts during labor |
| Vagina | organ of sexual intercourse & birth canal (leads to cervix) |
| Mammary Glands | modified sweat glands specialized for lactation |
| Prolactin | stimulates milk production |
| Oxytocin | stimulates contractions that eject milk |
| What controls the Ovarian Cycle? | FSH + LH -> brain (pituitary) |
| What controls the Uterine Cycle? | estrogen + progesterone -> ovary |
| What is the Ovarian Cycle? | the process of maturing & releasing an oocyte (egg cell) |
| Follicle | primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells |
| How does the Ovarian Cycle work? | 1. FSH drives follicle development 2. Follicle secretes estrogen 3. Estrogen causes surge of LH -> ovulation occurs 4. empty follicle becomes "corpus luteum" & secretes progesterone |
| What is the Uterine Cycle? | series of changes that occur in endometrium to prepare for pregnancy (fertilized egg) |
| What are the phases in the Uterine Cycle? | 1. menstrual 2. proliferative 3. ovulation 4. secretory |
| Menstrual Phase | estrogen & progesterone decrease - endometrial lining sheds - menstruation occurs |
| Proliferative Phase | estrogen & progesterone increase - endometrial lining gets thicker |
| Secretory Phase | - corpus luteum/empty follicle produces progesterone & estrogen - endometrium gets thicker - uterus is prepared to accept & nourish a fertilized egg |
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Kolohegirl
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