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A&P Final Pt 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a tissue? | A collection of cells working together to perform specific functions. (Organs: Heart, Liver) |
| Know the four major types of tissue in the human body and their general functions | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural |
| How are lost epithelial cells replaced? | Division of stem cells found near the basement membrane |
| What are the different shapes the epithelial cells can have? | Squamous: Thin & Flat/ Cuboidal: Square shaped/ Columnar: Tall, slender rectangels |
| What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia? | Simple: Single layer of cells/ Stratified: Several layers of cells |
| What are the three main components of connective tissues? | Specialized cells, fibers, Ground substance |
| What components of connective tissue make up the matrix? | Extracellular components (fibers & ground substance) |
| What are the two major categories of connective tissue proper and what are their characteristics? | Loose: More ground substance, fewer fibers/ Dense: More fibers, less ground substance |
| What are the two types of fluid connective tissue? | Blood: Contains Erythrocytes & Leukocytes Lymph: Extra cellular fluid collected from interstitial space |
| Know the two types of supporting connective tissue and their functions. | Fluid Tissue Transport System: Cardi system (blood) ex. arteries, capillaries, veins |
| What two types of tissue combine to form membranes? | Epithelium/ connective tissue |
| Muscle is specialized for | Contraction |
| Neural tissue is specialized for sending and receiving __________ by conducting electrical impulses. | Messages |
| What are some signs and symptoms of inflammation in tissue? | Swelling, redness, heat, pain |
| What type of cells release the warning chemical histamine and heparin to promote inflammation? | Mast cells |
| What is the benefit of the body bringing more blood to an injury site? | Incr blood circul in are/ warmth & redness/ brings more nutrients & oxygen to area/ removes waste |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | Found: Combined with connective tissue and neural tissue in skeletal muscles/ Controlled voluntarily/ Striated and multinucleate/ long, thin, straight |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Found: Heart/ Long, thin, not straight/ Involuntary/ Striated and multinucleate |
| Smooth muscle tissue | Found: walls of bleed vessels, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive organs/ Small and tapered/ Involuntary/ Nonstriated, single nucleus |
| What are the two parts of the integument? | Cutaneous Membrane(skin)/ Accessory Structures |
| What are the general functions of skin? | Protection/ Excretion/ Maintenance/ Production/ Synthesis/ Storage/ Detection |
| What kind of epithelial tissue is the epidermis? | Avascular stratified squamous |
| What are the most abundant cells of the epidermis? | Keratinocytes |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Basale: attch to base membrane/ strong bond btwn epidermis and dermis/ epidermal ridges/ Dermal papillae/ basal cells or stem cells |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Spinosum: Division of stratum basale/ 8-10 layers of keratinocytes/ cells shrink/ divides=increases thickness of epith. |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Granulosum: Stops dividing, starts producing/ Keratin & Keratohyalin |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Lucidum: clear layer/ found only in thick skin/ covers stratum granulosum |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Corneum: horn layer/ Exposed skin:15-30 layers or kera cells/ water resistant/ shed and replaces every 2 weeks. |
| What are thick and thin skin? Where is each found? | Thick: Covers palms and soles/ 5 layers of keratinocytes Thin: Covers most of body/ 4 layers of keratinocytes |
| How long is the life cycle of a cell, from the stratum basale to the time it is shed? | 1-1.5 months |
| Which two pigments influence skin color? Which contributes the most? | Carotene/ Melanin (most) |
| Why is sun exposure necessary for the body to produce vitamin D? | Converts VD into calcitriol. Aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus |
| Where is the papillary layer of the dermis? What kind of tissue is the papillary layer made of? | Has papillae(ridges) projecting between epidermal ridges/ Made of areolar tissue |
| Where is the reticular layer of the dermis? What kind of tissue is the reticular layer made of? | Has dense irregular connective tissue/ Made of collagen and elastic fibers |
| Where is the hypodermis? What kind of tissue is the hypodermis made of? | Subcutaneous Layer/ Elastic, areolar, and adipose tissues |
| What are the functions of hair? | Protects and insulates |
| How do “goose bumps” happen? | Certain stimuli to the Arrector pili |
| What are the functions of sebum? | Contains lipids/ Lubricates and protects the epidermis/ inhibits bacteria |
| What are nails made of? What is the primary function of nails? | Made of dead cells packed with keratin/ protect fingers and toes |
| Understand the steps of repairing the integument. | Bleeding occurs/ mast cells trigger inflammatory response/ scab stabilizes and protects area/ macrophages clean area/ fibroblasts and endothelial cells produce scar tissue. |
| What are five primary functions of the skeletal system? | Support/ Storage of Minerals and Lipids/ Blood Cell Production/ Protection/ Leverage |
| Be able to identify the shape of a bone based on a picture or description. | What is the function of sesamoid bones? |
| What is the function of sesamoid bones? | Provides leveralge and tension increase force of joints |
| What is the central space of the diaphysis called? | Medullary Cavity |
| What two substances give bone matrix its incredibly strong properties and why? | two thirds calcium phosphate crystals/ one third protein fibers(collagen) |
| Is bone made up mostly of matrix, or mostly of cells? | Matrix |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteogenic Cells: Stem cells divide to produce osteoblasts/ Assist in fracture repair |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteoblasts: Immature bone cells that secrete matric compounds/ Osteoid/ Calcium binds to osteoid to calcify and harden the matrix |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteocytes: mature bone cells maintain the bone matrix/ Live in lacunae/ Are btwn layers(lamellae) of matrix/ Do not divide/ Maintains protein and mineral content and helps repair bone |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteoclasts: Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes/ Giant multinucleate cells/ Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals/ derived from stem cells that produce macrophages |
| How are COMPACT bone and spongy bone different? | Covered w/ a membrane/ Periosteum on the outside/ covers all bones except enclosed joint capsules/ Has an outer, fibrous, inner, and cellular layer/ Perforating fibers |
| How are compact bone and SPONGY bone different? | Does not have osteons/ matrix forms an open network of trabeculae/ trabeculae have not blood vessels |
| Where is periosteum found? What are the functions of periosteum? | Compact bone, on the outside/ Isolates bone from surrounding tissues/ provides circulatory & nervous supply routes/ participates in bone growth and repair |
| Where is endosteum found? What are the functions of endosteum? | Compact bone, on the inside/ Incomplete cell layer/ Lines medullary(marrow) cavity/ covers trabeculae of spongy bone/ lines central canals/ active in bone growth and repair/ has osteo: blasts, genic, clasts |
| What is ossification? | Process of bone formation |
| Bones formed via endochondral ossification originate as _______. | Hyaline cartilage |
| Most bones originate via ________ ossification. | Endochondral |
| What is the epiphyseal cartilage and why is it only visible on immature bones? | one side is calcified so the other side can continue to grow. |
| What is epiphyseal closure and what does it form in mature bones? | When there is no more cartilage. Calcifies. |
| An “empty space” on an x-ray of long bones indicates what? | No more cartilage. |
| Bones formed via intramembranous ossification originate where? | Dermis |
| Understand each of the four steps of fracture repair. | A fracture hematoma forms/ Internal & external calli form/ Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone/ Remodeling occurs. |
| What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis? | Osteopenia is normal bone loss due to aging. Osteoporosis is bone loss due to a disease. |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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