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A&P Final Pt 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is all matter made of? | Anything that takes up space |
| 2. What are atoms made of? | Matter. Joined together to form chemicals with different characteristics |
| 3. Where are each of the subatomic particles located within the atom? | Nucleus contains protons and neutrons/ Electron cloud contains electrons |
| 4. What is an element? | Determined by the atomic number of an atom/ Most basic chemicals and building blocks of matter/ Atomic #= # of protons |
| 5. What are the four major elements that make up 96.5% of your body’s mass? | Oxygen/ Calcium/, Hydrogen, Nitrogen |
| 6. What are the three major types of chemical bonds? | Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds |
| 7. How is an ionic bond formed? Where does the attraction come from? | Forms btwn cations (electron doner) and anions (electron ions)/ opposite charges |
| 8. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? | Ionic bonds donates an electron/ Covalent bond shares electrons equally |
| 9. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of … | Electron pairs between two atoms |
| 10. Understand the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. | Polar is unequal sharing (stronger pull)/ Nonpolar= share (equal pull) |
| 11. What is always required to form a new chemical bond? | Energy! |
| 12. What is always released when a chemical bond is broken? | Energy! |
| 13. Chemical bonds are a form of ________. | Energy storage |
| 14. What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? | Molecules based on hydrogen & carbon (carbs, proteins, lipids) |
| 15. What are four types of inorganic compounds that are important in the body? (water, acids, bases, salts) | Non- hydrogen & carbon molecules (O2, H2O, carbon monoxide, salts) |
| 16. Define: solution | Uniform mix of 2 or more substances |
| 16. Define: solvent | Medium |
| 16. Define: solute | Atoms, ions, or molecules of another substance |
| 17. What is the difference between a HYDROPHILIC substance and a hydrophobic substance? | Loves water. Includes ions and polar molecules |
| 18. What does pH measure? | Number btwn 0-14 represents concentration of hydrogen ions |
| 19. What is the numerical range of the pH scale? | 0-14 |
| 20. What are the four major classes of organic compounds in the human body? | Carbs, lipids, proteins, amino acids |
| 21. What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body? (handout) | Energy source |
| 22. What is the function of triglycerides in the body? (handout) | Energy source, insulation, protection |
| What is the function of phospholipids in the body? (handout) | Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails. Structural lipids |
| Understand how the structure of phospholipids makes the cell membrane waterproof. | Keeps too much water from entering the cells |
| What are the building blocks of proteins? | Amino acids (20) |
| What is the function of DNA? | Instructions for all of an organisms traits |
| What is the function of RNA? | Makes copies of DNA and transports |
| . In DNA, which nitrogenous bases pair with each other (what are the complementary base pairs)? | AT GC/ AU GC |
| What is released when ATP is broken down into ADP? | Stored energy |
| Where does the human body get energy for most activities? | Breakdown of ATP within cells |
| Cells are the ________ of life. | Building blocks |
| What is extracellular fluid? | Watery medium. Body fluid outside cells |
| What are the three major regions of a cell? | Plasma membrane/ cytoplasm/ nucleus |
| What are the functions of the plasma membrane? | Physical isolation/ Regulation of exchange with the environment/ Sensitivity to the environment/ Structural support |
| Why is the phospholipid bilayer effective at making the cell water-resistant? | Has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails/ Barrier to ions and water- soluble compounds |
| Materials move into or out of cells in “transport pods” called ____________. | Vesicles |
| What is included in the cytoplasm? | All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | Build polypeptides in protein synthesis |
| What is the function of mitochondria? | Produces ATP |
| Why do all cells require oxygen? | In order to function |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Cell's control center. Contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell. |
| Why does DNA need to be tightly packed? | Because it's very long (5ft) |
| What is the genetic code? What is a gene? | The chemical language of DNA instructions (ATCG)// DNA instructions for one protein |
| How does the nucleus control the cell? | Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA/ DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins/ proteins determine cell structure and function/ Cell function ultimately determines organism function |
| Why is protein synthesis significant? | process by which our cells create proteins, and it’s essential for everything from cell growth to immune function. |
| What are the three major steps of protein synthesis? | Transcription/ Translation/ Protein processing |
| In diffusion, solutes move from areas of ______ concentration to areas of _______ concentration. | High/ Low |
| What is osmosis? | Diffusion of water across the cell membrane under the right conditions |
| What are the three stages of somatic cell division? What happens during each? | DNA replication/ Mitosis/ Cytokinesis |
| Define: mitosis | Divides genetic material equally |
| Define: cytokinesis | Divides cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells |
| Know what happens during each of the stages of the cell life cycle, including Interphase (including G0, G1, S, and G2 phases), Mitosis (including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis. | |
| What are stem cells? | Specialized cells that divide rapidly and can differentiate to become many different types of cells |
| What is differentiation? | process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions. |
| Cancer is a result of __________. | Abnormal cell division |
| 17. What is the difference between a hydrophilic substance and a HYDROPHOBIC substance? | Fears water. Includes fats, oils, nonpolar |
| What is ANATOMY? | Describes the functions (forms) of the body |
| What is PHYSIOLOGY? | Functions of the anatomical structures |
| How do they relate to each other? | Function follows form |
| Know all 11 organ systems and their major organs and functions (from the slides). | Digestive/ Respiratory/ Cardiovascular/ Urinary/ Reproductive/ Endocrine/ Nervous/ Skeletal/ Muscular/ Integumentary/ Lymphatic/ (DR CURE N SMIL) |
| Organs that work together are grouped into ___________. | Organ systems |
| The structure and function of each level of biological organization determines what? | Determines the structure & function of the next level |
| Know each of the processes that define human life. (slide 24) | Organization/ Metabolism/ Responsiveness/ Movement/ Development/ Growth/ Reproduction |
| What is homeostasis and why is it important to maintain? | All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment |
| A- / An- / Anano- | not, against |
| Dia- | Complete |
| Ecto- | Outer, outside |
| Hyper- | Too much, excessive |
| Hypo- | Too little, below normal |
| Peri- | Around, surrounding |
| Pro- | Before, in front |
| Retro- | Behind |
| Sub- | Below |
| Trans- | Through, across |
| –algia | Pain |
| –cyte | Cell |
| –ectomy | Removal |
| –emia | Blood condition |
| –itis | Inflammation |
| –oma | Tumor, mass |
| -opsy | To view |
| Describe the essential functions of the body cavities | Protect organs from accidental shocks/ Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs |
| Know all Sectional Planes | Frontal/ Sagittal (midsagittal, parasagittal)/ Transverse |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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