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Introduction to A&P
Introduction Terms for A&P
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts |
| Physiology | the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts |
| Digestion | the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body |
| Absorption | the process of absorbing or assimilating substances into cells or across the tissues and organs through diffusion or osmosis |
| Circulation | the continuous movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels |
| Assimilation | the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food within the gastrointestinal tract |
| Excretion | the removal of substances from plants, animals and other living organisms |
| Metabolism | the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material |
| Homeostasis | the tendency of the body to maintain balance |
| Axial Skeleton | forms the central axis of the human body and includes the bones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage) |
| Appendicular Skeleton | composed of the bones of the upper limb and the lower limbs |
| Viscera | the internal organs of the body-especially those located in the large cavity of the trunk (e.g., the heart, liver, and intestines) |
| Eviscerate | to remove an organ from (a patient) or the contents of (an organ) |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | the posterior, or back, of the body, including both the head and the back of the trunk |
| Ventral Body Cavity | the anterior (front) aspect of the human body |
| Cranial Cavity | most of the upper part of the skull and contains the brain |
| Vertebral Cavity | the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures within the vertebral column |
| Abdominal Cavity | large cavity found in the torso of mammals between the thoracic cavity, which it is separated from by the thoracic diaphragm, and the pelvic cavity |
| Thoracic Cavity | the cavity of the thorax that is bounded below by the diaphragm, is enclosed by the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae, and that contains the heart and lungs |
| Pelvic Cavity | a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis |
| Diaphragm | a dome-shaped, muscular and membranous structure that separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities; it is the principal muscle of respiration |
| Mediastinum | the anatomic region located between the lungs that contains all the principal tissues and organs of the chest except the lungs |
| Pleural Cavities | the potential space between the two pleurae (visceral-parietal) of the lungs |
| Pericardial Cavity | the space between the parietal and the visceral layers; contains the heart |
| Serous Membrane | a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid |
| Serous fluid | any of various body fluids resembling serum, that are typically pale yellow and transparent and of a benign nature; fills the inside of body cavities |
| Pleura | a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity |
| Pericardium | a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels |
| Peroteneum | the tissue that lines your abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in your abdomen |
| Parietal | relating to or forming the walls or part of the walls of a bodily cavity or similar structure |
| Visceral | the internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest or abdomen |
| Reproductive System | the organs involved in producing offspring; females = ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina; males = the prostate, the testes, and the penis |
| Urinary System | filters blood and create urine as a waste by-product; organs = kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra |
| Muscular System | allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture, and produces heat. |
| Endocrine System | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| Nervous System | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| Skeletal System | gives our bodies structure and protects major organs like the heart, lungs, and brain |
| Digestive System | breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells |
| Circulatory System | (aka cardiovascular system) this system works as the transportation highway for the body; consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels; it transports substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body |
| Lymphatic System | the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood |
| Integumentary System | consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail |
| Respiratory System | system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs |
| Sagittal Plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| Coronal Plane | divides the body into front and back parts |
| Transverse Plane | horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions |
| Superficial | near the surface |
| Deep | away from the surface |
| Superior | higher on the body, nearer to the head |
| Inferior | lower on the body, farther from the head |
| Medial | toward the midline |
| Lateral | away from the midline |
| Posterior | toward the back |
| Anterior | front of the body |
| Ventral | belly side of the body |
| Dorsal | pertaining to the back |
| Proximal | closer to the point of attachment |
| Distal | away from the point of attachment |
| Abdominal | anterior body trunk inferior to ribs |
| Acromial | point of shoulder |
| Antebrachial | pertaining to the forearm |
| Antecubital | anterior surface of elbow |
| Axillary | pertaining to the armpit |
| Brachial | upper arm |
| Buccal | cheek area |
| Calcaneal | heel of foot |
| Carpal | pertaining to the wrist |
| Cephalic | pertaining to the head |
| Cervical | neck region |
| Costal | pertaining to the ribs |
| Coxal | pertaining to the hip |
| Cubital | elbow |
| Digital | fingers, toes |
| Abdominopelvic | pertaining to the abdomen and pelvis |
| Femoral | thigh area |
| Frontal | forehead |
| Genital | reproductive organs |
| Gluteal | pertaining to the buttocks |
| Inguinal | groin area |
| Lumbar | lower back |
| Mammary | breast region |
| Mental | pertaining to the chin |
| Nasal | nose area |
| Occipital | back of head |
| Oral | mouth |
| Orbital | eye area |
| Otic | ear |
| Palmar | palm |
| Patellar | anterior knee |
| Pectoral | chest |
| Pedal | foot |
| Pelvic | pelvis region |
| Popliteal | posterior knee |
| Sacral | area between hips |
| Sternal | breastbone |
| Thoracic | chest |
| Umbilical | pertaining to the navel |
| Vertebral | spinal column |
| Receptor | detects change |
| control center | determines set point, analyzes information, and determines appropriate response |
| Effector | provides a means for response to the stimulus |
| negative feedback | the end product shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity; most homeostatic control mechanisms |
| positive feedback | Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther |
Created by:
brookebiery
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