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ap euro 17-18 terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| enlightenment | an eighteenth-century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. |
| skepticism | a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion. |
| cultural relativism | the belief that no culture is superior to another because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its meaning from the group holding it. |
| philosophes | intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife. |
| cosmopolitan | the quality of being sophisticated and having wide international experience. |
| separation of powers | a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other. |
| deism | belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws. |
| laissez-faire | “let (them) do (as they please).” An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand. |
| economic liberalism | the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy. |
| Romanticism | a nineteenth-century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing. |
| feminism | the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also, organized activity to advance women’s rights. |
| salons | gatherings of philosophes and other notables to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing rooms (salons) where they met. |
| Rococo | an eighteenth-century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm. |
| neoclassicism | a late-eighteenth-century artistic movement that emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome. |
| high culture | the literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes. |
| popular culture | as opposed to high culture, the unofficial written and culture of people, much was traditionally passed down orally and centered on public activities. In modern age refers to the entertainment pleasures that people get as part of the consumer society. |
| pogroms | an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jewish people in Russia or eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| Pietism | a movement that arose in Germany in the seventeenth century whose goal was to foster a personal experience of God as the focus of true religious experience. |
| natural laws | a body of laws or specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding on all human societies even in the absence of written laws governing such matters. |
| natural rights | certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech and religion; and equality before the law. |
| enlightened absolutism | an absolute monarchy in which the ruler followed the principles of the Enlightenment by introducing reforms for the improvement of society, freedom of speech/press, religious toleration, expanding education, and ruling in accordance with the laws. |
| patronage | the practice of awarding titles and making appointments to government and other positions to gain political support. |
| balance of power | a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another. |
| reason of state | the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interests of its ruling family. |
| primogeniture | an inheritance practice in which the eldest son receives all or the largest share of the parents’ estate. |
| infanticide | the practice of killing infants. |
| agricultural revolution | the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the eighteenth century. |
| enclosure acts | laws enacted in 18th Britain that allowed large landowners to enclose the old open fields, thereby combining many small holdings into larger units and forcing many small farmers to become tenant farmers or wage laborers on the large estates. |
| cottage industry | a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs. |
| tithes | a portion of one’s harvest or income, paid by medieval peasants to the village church. |
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