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Chabner12-Ch02all
Chabner, Language of Medicine 12th Ed, Chapter 02 - All
Term | Definition |
---|---|
ana- | up; apart; backward; again; anew |
cata- | down |
epi- | above; upon; on |
hypo- | deficient; below; under; less than normal |
inter- | between |
intra- | within; into |
meta- | change; beyond |
-eal | pertaining to |
-iac | pertaining to |
-ior | pertaining to |
-ism | process; condition |
-ose | full of; pertaining to; sugar |
-plasm | formation; structure |
-some | body |
-type | classification; picture |
abdomin/o | abdomen |
adip/o | fat |
anter/o | front |
cervic/o | neck; cervix (neck of uterus) |
chondr/o | cartilage |
chrom/o | colour |
coccyg/o | coccyx (tailbone) |
crani/o | skull |
cyt/o | cell |
dist/o | far; distant |
dors/o | back (of body) |
hist/o | tissue |
ili/o | ilium (large broad bone forming upper part of each half of pelvis) |
inguin/o | groin |
kary/o | nucleus |
later/o | side |
lumb/o | lower back; loin |
medi/o | middle |
nucle/o | nucleus |
pelv/i | pelvis; hip region |
poster/o | back (of body); behind |
proxim/o | near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along the side of |
sacr/o | sacrum |
sarc/o | flesh |
spin/o | spine (backbone) |
thel/o | nipple |
theli/o | nipple |
thorac/o | chest |
trache/o | trachea (windpipe) |
umbilic/o | umbilicus (navel) |
ventr/o | belly side of body |
vertebr/o | vertebra (backbone) |
viscer/o | internal organs |
abdomen | part of body above the pelvis and below the diapragm |
abdominal cavity | space between chest and pelvis. Contains stomach, small and large intestines, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters, (females) uterus and vagina |
adipose tissue | collection of cells used for the storage of fat |
anabolism | process of building larger proteins from amino acids |
anterior | front surface of body (ventral) |
axial plane | horizontal plane (cross-sectional) dividing body into upper and lower parts (also transverse) |
cartilage | flexible connective tissue often attached to bones and joints. Also found in external ear, nose, and surrounding trachea |
catabolism | breakdown of complex molecules (sugar/fat) into glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. |
caudal | below another structure; pertaining to lower portion of body (also inferior) |
cell | fundamental unit of all living things |
cell membrane | semi-permeable, multi-layered structure surrounding and protecting the cell |
cephalic | above another structure (also superior); pertaining to head |
chromosome | rod-shaped structure in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. |
circulatory system | heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland |
coccygeal | region of the coccyx (tailbone) |
coccyx | tailbone |
connective tissue | examples are adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. |
coronal plane | vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior regions |
cranial cavity | space in teh head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull |
craniotomy | surgical opening into the skull |
cytoplasm | all the material outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane |
deep | away from the surface |
diaphragm | muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Used for breathing. |
digestive system | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallblader, pancreas |
disc | pad of cartilage between vertebrae |
distal | far from point of attachment to the trunk or far from beginning of a structure. |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid - molecule that carries genetic information for development and functioning of organism |
dorsal | back surface of the body (also posterior) |
endocrine system | thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands |
endoplasmic reticulum | Manufactures cell proteins using anabolism |
epigastric region | middle upper region above the stomach |
epinephrine | another term for adrenaline, a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands |
epithelial cells | skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs. |
epithelial tissue | all tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs |
fat cell | contain large empty spaces to store fat. |
frontal plane | vertical plane dividing body into anterior and posterior regions |
genes | regions of DNA within each chromosome |
histologist | specialist in the study of tissues |
histology | the study of tissues |
hypochrondriac regions | right and left upper regions beneath the ribs |
hypogastric region | middle lower region below the umbilical region |
iliac | groin |
iliac regions | right and left lower regions near the groin (inguinal regions) |
inferior | below another structure; pertaining to lower portion of body (also caudal) |
inguinal regions | right and left lower regions near the groin (iliac regions) |
intervertebral | between vertebrae |
karyotype | a photograph of an individual's chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number. |
laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx, usually resulting in an inability to speak |
larynx | voice box, located above the trachea |
lateral | pertaining to the side |
lateral plane | vertical plane dividing body into right and left (also sagittal) |
lumbar regions | right and left middle regions near the waist |
lumbar spine | loin (waist) region (vertebrae L1 to L5) |
lumbosacral | combination of lumbar and sacral regions (vertebrae L1 to S5) |
medial | pertaining to the middle OR near medial plane of the body |
mediastinum | (subset of thoracic cavity) space outside of and between the lungs. |
metabolism | catabolism + anabolism. The total chemical processes within a cell. |
midsagittal plane | vertical plane dividing body into equal left and right halves |
mitochondria | organelle in cells generating most of energy needed for cells biochemical reactions. |
muscle cell | fibers can contract and relax. Long and slender. |
muscle tissue | muscle cells working together to provide contractions. Divided into voluntary and involuntary, which includes cardiac muscle. |
musculoskeletal system | muscles, bones, and joints. |
nerve cell | fibrous extension that can carry impules. Long. |
nerve tissue | uses nerve cells to conduct impulses and signals throughout the body |
nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves, collection of nerves |
nucleic | pertaining to the nucleus |
nucleus | Controls operation of cell. Directs cell division. |
organs | different types of tissue combine to form an organ |
pelvic cavity | space below the abdomen. Contains portions of small and large intestine, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters, (females) uterus and vagina |
peritoneum | double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. Attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and provides protection. |
pharyngeal | pertaining to the pharynx |
pharynx | throat. Serves as passage for both food (mouth to esophagus) and air (nose to trachea) |
pituitary gland | endocrine gland at the base of the brain. |
pleura | double membrane that surrounds and protects the lungs |
pleural cavity | (subset of thoracic cavity) space surrounding each lung. |
posterior | back surface of the body (also dorsal) |
prone | lying on the belly (face down, palms down) |
proximal | near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure |
sacrum | shield-shaped bony structures located at base of lumbar vertebrae and connected to pelvis |
sagittal (lateral) plane | vertical plane dividing body into left and right sides |
sagittal plane | vertical plan dividing body into right and left (also lateral) |
sarcoma | tumor of connective or other non-epithelial tissue |
skin and sense organs | skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, eyes, ears, nose, tongue. |
spinal cavity | space within the spinal column. Contains: spinal cord. |
spinal column | bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity |
spinal cord | cylindrical bundle of nerve tissue found in spinal cavity |
superficial | on the surface |
superior | above another structure (also cephalic) |
supine | lying on the back (face up, palms up) |
system | group of organs working together to perform complex functions |
thoracic cavity | space in the chest. Contains: lung, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus glad, aorta |
thoracotomy | surgical incision into the chest wall |
thyroid gland | endocrine gland that surrounds trachea in the neck. |
tissue | group of similar cells working together to do a specific task |
trachea | windpipe. Tube leading from throat and larynx to bronchial tubes. |
tracheal | pertaining to the trachea |
transverse plane | horizontal plane (cross-sectional) dividing body into upper and lower parts (also axial) |
types of cell | muscle, epithelial, nerve, fat |
umbilical region | central region near the navel |
ureter | tube leading from kidney to the urinary bladder |
urethra | tube from the urinary bladder to the outside |
urinary system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
uterus | organ that holds the embryo or fetus as it develops. |
ventral | front surface of body (anterior) |
vertebra | single backbone |
vertebrae | multiple backbones |
vertebral | pertaining to backbones |
viscera | internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. |
visceral | pertaining to viscera |