Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Nervous System
Anatomy & Physiology - Nervous System Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the parts of a neuron? | Cell body, Axon, Dendrites |
| What are the functions of a neuron? | Receive signals, process signal information, send signals. |
| What are the 3 types of neurons? How are they structured? | Sensory Neurons - Pseudounipolar Motor Neurons - Multipolar Association Neurons - Multipolar |
| What conveys information from a receptor to the CNS? | Sensory (afferent) neurons |
| What conveys information from the CNS to an effector? | Motor (efferent) neurons |
| What neuron is located entirely in the CNS and is between the previous two? | Association (inter) neurons |
| What is a group of cell bodies in the CNS called? | Nuclei |
| What is a group of cell bodies in the PNS called? | Ganglia |
| What is a bundle of axons in the CNS called? | Tract |
| What is a bundle of axons in the PNS called? | Nerve |
| What are the supporting cells in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells. |
| What is the function of oligodendrocytes? | Spiderman - shooting out extensions of myelin to wrap around the axons. One oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axons. |
| What is the function of microglia? | Pac-Man - get rid of anything that could damage a neuron |
| What is the function of astrocytes? | Sticky hand - regulate the external environment of the neuron. Extensions with "end-feet" - connect capillary and the neuron. |
| What is the function of ependymal cells? | Sober friend of drunk neurons - secretes fluid that protects. |
| What are the supporting cells in the PNS? | Schwann cells, Satellite cells |
| What is the function of Schwann cells? | Wrapping around PNS axons to myelinate them. |
| What is the function of satellite cells? | Support neuron cell bodies in the ganglia of PNS. |
| What are the events of an action potential? | Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization |
| What is resting membrane potential? Why is this value important? | -70 mV - high potassium inside - high sodium outside |
| What is threshold? | -55 mV |
| What happens during depolarization? | High potassium inside High sodium outside Threshold reached - voltage regulated Na signals open. -55mV -> 30mV |
| What happens during repolarization? | High potassium AND sodium inside voltage regulated Na channels close and K channels open 30mV -> -100mV |
| What happens during hyperpolarization? | High sodium inside High potassium outside Na/K pump starts: K in - Na out -100mV -> -70mV |
| How is an action potential passed down an axon in only one direction? | Absolute refractory period. You cannot start something that is currently going so when leaking backwards it does not affect anything. |
| What is absolute refractory period? | When the axon cannot further respond to a stimuli because it is already stimulated. |
| What is relative refractory period? | When the axon can be stimulated again but it will not properly work because the ions are in opposite places. |
| What is continuous conduction? | Non-myelinated axons so it has to pass through each part of the axon. |
| What is saltatory conduction? | Myelinated axon so it only has to pass though the nodes of ranvier. |
| Why is myelin important? | It speeds up reactions. |
| What is the All-or-None principle? | The stimulus is either strong enough to cause depolarization or it's not. |
| How do you increase the strength of the response of a nerve stimulus? | Higher frequency or higher number of neurons stimulating. |
| What happens at the synapse when the strength of the nerve stimulus is increased? | |
| What is synapse? | Where neurons communicate. |
| What is the presynaptic neuron? | The neuron sending a signal. |
| What is the synaptic cleft? | Interstitial fluid between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. |
| What is the postsynaptic neuron? | The neuron receiving the signal. |
| What is the series of events that happens at the synapse? | Nerve impulse end of presynaptic axon > depolarization opens voltage regulated Ca+ channels > increase of Ca+ = synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft > neurotransmitters across the cleft into post synaptic neuron > electrical signal |
| What is EPSP? What does it result in? | Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential Na into neuron - Action potential more likely |
| What is IPSP? What does it result in? | Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential K out of neuron - Action Potential less likely |
| What causes an IPSP? | The flow of negatively charged ions into postsynaptic cell. |
| What is the most studies neurotransmitter? | Dopamine. |
| What is the most prevalent brain neurotransmitter? | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
| What is a reflex arc? | The natural pathway of reflexes. |
| Describe the elements of a reflex arc. | sensory receptor - reacts to a stimulus sensory neuron - carries message to integration center integration center (CNS) - process info & directs to motor output motor neuron - carries message to effector effector organ - muscle or gland |
| Distinguish between somatic reflexes and autonomic reflexes. | Somatic - reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscle (voluntary) Autonomic - reflexes that stimulate smooth or cardiac muscle (involuntary) |
| What are the three main regions of the cerebrum? | Cortex, white matter and basal nuclei |
| Describe the cortex | Grey matter - cell bodies |
| Describe the white matter | Myelinated axons |
| Describe the basal nuclei | Deep pockets of grey matter(cell bodies) |
| What are the surface lobes of the cerebrum? | Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. |
| What is the function of the primary somatic sensory area and where is it located? | Receives impulses from sensory receptors (left side of body - right side of primary somatic sensory area) Located in parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus |
| What is the function of the primary motor area and where is it located? | Sends impulses to skeletal muscle Located in frontal lobe |
| What is the function of the Broca's area and where is it located? | Involved with our ability to speak Located in left hemisphere of the frontal lobe |
| What are the three parts of the diencephalon. | Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus |
| What is the function of the thalamus and where is it located? | transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex surrounds third ventricle relay center for sensory impulses |
| What is the function of hypothalamus and where is it located? | Autonomic nervous system center - regulates metabolism and temperature and controls water balance. Emotions and smell Pituitary gland Under the thalamus |
| What is the function of the epithalamus and where is it located? | Includes the choroid plexus - forms cerebral spinal fluid Houses pineal body - an endocrine gland Forms roof of the third ventricle |
| What are the three parts of the brain stem? | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata |
| What is the function of the Midbrain? | Information highway |
| What is the function of Pons? | Information highway & breathing control |
| What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata? | Automatic responses |
| What does the Reticular Activating System (RAS) control? | Plays role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness Filter for incoming sensory information |
| What does the cerebellum control? | Balance and equilibrium Provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements |
| What are the layers that protect the Central Nervous System? | Scalp and skin, skull and vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier |
| Describe the scalp and skin. | Outer layer of body that protects the inside. |
| Describe the skull and vertebral column. | Boney protection. |
| Describe the meninges. | Arachnoid layer - middle layer, weblike extensions span the subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi reabsorb the cerebrospinal fluid Pia layer - internal layer, clings to the surface of the brain |
| Describe the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | A water cushion to protect the brain. Formed by choroid plexus - capillaries in the ventricles of the brain. Circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord |
| What is the blood brain barrier? | Least permeable membrane capillaries of the body. Keeps many harmful substances out of brain |
| What cannot cross the blood brain barrier? | Metabolic wastes, most drugs, nonessential amino acids, potassium ions |
| What can cross the blood brain barrier? | Water, glucose, essential amino acids, alcohol, nicotine |
| What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? | Stroke. A ruptured blood vessel that supplies a region of the brain. Blood no longer has a source of oxygen. Loss of some functions. |
| Where does the spinal cord originate and end? | The foramen magnum ("hole" in the bottom of the skull) The L1-L2 |
| What is contained in the dorsal root of the spinal cord? | Somatic sensory neurons. |
| What is contained in the ventral root of the spinal cord? | Somatic motor neurons. |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves branch from the surface of the brain? | 12 |
| What is the order of the nerves that exist in the spinal cord? | 8 Cervical (C1-C8) 12 Thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 1 Coccygeal *spinal cord ends at about L1-L2* |
| Distinguish between the Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System. | Somatic - voluntary - skeletal muscle Autonomic - involuntary - smooth and cardiac muscle |
| What are the divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| What is the function of the sympathetic autonomic system? | "fight or flight" response to unusual stimulus. The "e" division; exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment. |
| What is the function of parasympathetic autonomic system? | "housekeeping" activities - conserve energy, maintain necessary body function. The "d" division; digestion, defecation, diuresis |
| Where do the preganglionic neurons originate in the sympathetic autonomic system? | T1-L2 |
| Where do the preganglionic neurons originate in the parasympathetic autonomic system? | S2-S4 & cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X |
| What neurotransmitters are released in the sympathetic autonomic system? | norepinephrine & epinephrine (effector organs) |
| What neurotransmitters are released in the parasympathetic autonomic system? | acetylcholine |
| What is the function of the visual area and and what cerebral area is involved with it? | Receives, integrates and processes information from the retinas. The occipital lobe |
| What is the function of the auditory area and and what cerebral area is involved with it? | Processing speech and other complex acoustical signals like music. The temporal lobe |
| What is the function of the olfactory area and and what cerebral area is involved with it? | Purely sensory. Carries impulses for the sense of smell. Beneath the frontal lobe |
Created by:
Chloesims77
Popular Anatomy sets