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Anatomy Exam 3
Respiratory, Endocrine, Lymph Immune
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory Functions | - gas exchange between body & environment - production of sound - pH balance |
| Respiration (Ventilation) | (breathing) moving air in & out of lungs |
| External Respiration | gas exchange between air & blood in lungs |
| Internal Respiration | gas exchange between blood & tissues |
| Upper Respiratory Tract/Nose | Passageway for air |
| Nasal Cavity Functions | - filters incoming pair (traps particles in mucus) - moistens & warms incoming air |
| Nasal Turbinates | creates turbulence in inhaled air |
| What lines the nasal turbinates? | musus-secreting cells |
| What do the nasal turbinates do? | warm up & moistens air & traps particles |
| Pharynx | throat, passageway for air |
| Larynx | maintains an open airway |
| What's in the Larynx? | - epiglottis & vocal cords |
| Epiglottis | (larynx) flexible flap of cartilage that covers trachea (when swallowing) |
| Trachea | windpipe, transports air to & from lungs |
| What is the Trachea lined with? | mucus-secreting cells that trap foreign particles, moving them up & out via mucus elevator |
| Trachea Function | receptors for cough reflex (protective) |
| Bronchi & Bronchioles | trachea branches into 2 airways, left & right bronchi - bronchioles: smaller branches |
| Bronchi & Bronchioles Function | - transports air - cleans, warms, & moistens air - cleans cilia |
| What happens without cilia? | filters less air --> more pathogens enter lungs --> sickness & damage |
| What happens if lost the function of cilia? | lungs become diseased/damaged causing worse gas exchange |
| Alveoli Location | tiny, air-filled sacs clustered at end of bronchioles |
| Alveoli Function | gas exchange (thin walled) |
| Pleural Membranes | 2 layers connective tissue that encloses each lung |
| Pleural Cavity | fluid that reduces friction as lungs move |
| Order of Airflow in body? | Nose - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Left/Right Bronchi - Bronchiole, Alveoli |
| Where in the body does gas exchange occur? | At the Alveoli |
| Where do we find mucus? | nose & trachea |
| Where do we find cilia? | Bronchi & bronchioles |
| Where does sound production occur? | vocal cords in the larynx |
| What is the function of the cartilage in the larynx & trachea? | prevents food from going down the wrong pipe! closes airway when we swallow so food goes to stomach |
| How does O2 & Co2 transport in the blood? | Internal - O2 leaves blood External - O2 goes into blood |
| What muscles activate when breathing? | diaphragm & intercostals |
| When does diaphragm contract? | inspiration, which causes the diaphragm to flatten & move down |
| How does volume & pressure change during inspiration? | volume increases while pressure decreases, causing air to flow in |
| When does the diaphragm relax? | Expiration, which causes the diaphragm to return to its dome shape |
| How does volume & pressure change during expiration? | Volume decreases, pressure increases, causing air to flow out |
| How does the brain regulate respiration? | CNS/Medulla - establishes basic breathing pattern by sending nerve impulses (AP) that stimulates breathing muscles |
| Where are the sensors for blood chemistry located? | medulla, arteries, & cerebrospinal fluid |
| What do the medulla, arteries, & cerebrospinal fluid sense? | changes in blood, mostly an increase in CO2 (which increases acidicity pH levels) |
| How do changes in blood chemistry alter breathing? | If CO2 levels are high, causing an acidic pH, medulla increases respiratory rate |
| What is tidal volume? | everyday breathing |
| What is vital capacity? | tidal volume + extra reverse for inhaling/exhaling |
| What is the purpose of having extra volume available for inhaling/exhaling? | We need that reserve for exercise/exertion; it accommodates changes in activity |
| Asthma | spasmodic contraction of bronchi that restricts airflow |
| Emphysema | alveoli are permanently impaired/damaged, causing decreased levels of gas exchange |
| Bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi which causes difficulty breathing |
| Lung Collapse | inability to inflate the lungs which results in poor gas exchange |
| Lung Cancer | impairs air flow, blood flow, & gas exchange |
| What part of the brain has conscious control over breathing? | Cerebral cortex |
| How does carbon dioxide travel through the blood stream? | - dissolved in plasma - as a bicarbonate - bound to hemoglobin |
| What is common between internal & external respiration? | - both gas exchange that deals w/ O2 & CO2 |
| How many pleural membranes surround the lungs? | Two! |
| Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? | Because pressure decreases in lungs than outside, causing air flow in |
| Why is the left lung smaller than the right? | Because of the location of the heart |
| What are the 3 steps of breathing? | Relaxed, Inspiration, Expiration |
| A rise in the level of CO2 in the blood would cause a [blank] in breathing rate | An increase (by medulla) |
| How would a rise in CO2 affect blood pH? | blood pH would become more acidic |
| What is the purpose of the endocrine system? | Communicate & coordinate via hormone system |
| Steroid Hormone Location | binds to receptors INSIDE the cell |
| Are Steroid Hormones fast or slow acting? | Slow acting |
| Steroid Hormone Function | activates specific genes |
| Are Steroid Hormones fat or protein? | fat |
| Peptide Hormone Location | receptor on SURFACE of cell |
| Are Peptide Hormones fast or slow acting? | fast acting |
| Peptide Hormone Function | activates "second-messenger" signals, which is when enzymes within cell signals hormones |
| Where is the "homeostatic control center" located? How does it regulate homeostasis? | hypothalamus- it monitors & controls hormone secretions from pituitary gland |
| What is a negative feedback loop of a thyroid hormone secretion? | CV - thyroid hormone level (T3/T4) in blood Sensor - pituitary gland/hypothalamus CC - pituitary -> TSH Effector - TSH, thyroid hormone -> cell metabolism |
| What are the eight hormones that the pituitary gland releases? | ADH, ACTH, GH, FSH, TSH, LH, Prolactin, Oxytocin |
| Where is ACTH released & what is its effect? | pituitary gland -> causes adrenal gland to release cortisol --> increase blood sugar, lowers immune function |
| Where is ADH and what is its effect? | Pituitary gland -> causes kidneys to conserve water -> regulates water balance in body |
| Where is Oxytocin and what is its effect? | Pituitary Gland -> mammary glands -> milk ejection, labor contractions |
| Where is TSH and what is its effect? | thyroid gland -> T3/T4 -> cell metabolism |
| Where is GH and what is its effect? | pituitary gland -> bone & muscle growth & development |
| Where is Prolactin and what is its effect? | pituitary gland -> targets mammary glands -> prepares for infant feeding |
| Where is LH and FSH and what are their effects? | pituitary gland -> ovaries & testes -> important for 2nd sex characteristics |
| Where is Calcitonin and what is its effect? | Thyroid gland -> bones -> lowers blood calcium levels (when too high) |
| Where is cortisol and what is its effect? | Adrenal Gland (cortex) -> released in response of ACTH -> increases blood glucose & decreases immune function |
| Where is epinephrine and what is its effect? | Adrenal Gland (medulla) -> fight or flight response |
| Where is estrogen released & what is its effect? | Ovaries -> thickens uterus wall |
| Where is testosterone released & what is its effect? | Testes -> sex drive & sperm production |
| Where is Aldosterone released & what is its effect? | Adrenal Gland (cortex) -> kidneys -> balances water in body |
| Where is melatonin released & what is its effect? | pineal gland -> regulates sleep-wake cycles |
| Where is PTH released & what is its effect? | parathyroid -> increases calcium absorption & blood calcium levels |
| Where is T3/T4 released & what is its effect? | pituitary gland -> TSH -> tissue growth & development |
| Which hormone is impacted by a lack of iodine in the diet? | T3 & T4! |
| What is the difference between gigantism & acromegaly? | Gigantism - too much GH in children, affects whole body Acromegaly - too much GH in adults, affects face, feet, hands |
| What are the characteristics of overactive thyroid secretion? | too much energy = anxiety, higher body temp, weight loss |
| What are the characteristics of underactive thyroid secretion? | not enough energy = fatigue, lethargy, weight gain |
| What are the effects of excess cortisol secretion? | sickness b/c cortisol lowers immune function |
| What is a similarity between the endocrine & nervous system? | both signal to the body to control & coordinate |
| What is a difference between endocrine & nervous system? | NS has a fast response, endo has a slow response - NS uses electrical & chemical, endocrine is only chemical |
| What kinds of things do our bodies need defense against? | Bacteria & Viruses (fungi, parasites, prions) |
| Epithelial Barriers | skin, lining of airways, have openings to outside |
| What are secretions? | Biochemical; tears, saliva, ear wax, mucus, stomach acid |
| What non-specific defense actions do we have? | vomiting, peeing, pooping, coughing, sneezing |
| What is microbiota? | resident bacteria that outcompetes pathogens |
| What are phagocytes? | WBCs that engulf & digest foreign cells |
| What is phagocytosis? | the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens |
| What are neutrophils? | Phagocyte "First responders" |
| What are macrophages | monocytes that leave the blood vessel & enter tissue (to eat cells) |
| What are natural killer cells? | cells that target tumors/viruses by poking holes in targets (thus killing them) |
| What are probiotics? | Food or supplements that establish or restore beneficial microbiota |
| What is inflammation? | a response to tissue injury that causes redness, warmth, swelling, & pain |
| What is the process of inflammation? | increases blood flow to the area & attracts phagocytes |
| How does inflammation protect the body? | attracts phagocytes that engulf pathogens & clean up debris |
| What are B cells? | cells that make antibodies that recognize antigens |
| What are T cells? | cells that directly attack foreign/non-self cells |
| What are antibodies? | a defensive protein made by the body that circulate in the blood |
| What are the 3 ways that antibodies inactivate pathogens? | clumping, tagging, neutralization |
| What is agglutination/clumping? | reduces number of phagocytic events needed to engulf all the bacteria |
| What is tagging? | coats an antigen with the antibody to promote phagocytosis |
| What is neutralization? | blocks attachment of virus/bacteria to host cell |
| What are helper T cells? | stimulates other immune system cells |
| What are cytotoxic T cells? | directly attack & destroy abnormal cells |
| What do memory cells do? | allow for a rapid response to a familiar antigen |
| What is the primary immune response? | makes antibodies when first exposed to antigen, but slowly, experiences symptoms of illness |
| What is secondary immune response? | makes antibodies but must faster without symptoms |
| What is specific about specific defense? | targeted recognition of antigen |
| Which immune defense has memory? | specific |
| Why are immune cells in lymph nodes? | to encounter pathogens in the lymph, they act as a security checkpoint to monitor body for pathogens |
| What makes the secondary immune response so much faster than the primary? | presence of memory cells |
| How do the immune responses relate to vaccines? | vaccines introduce antigens so body can produce memory cells that'll create rapid responses to antigen |
| What are nonspecific immune defenses? | epithelial layers, earwax, tears, mucus, saliva, reflexes, phagocytes, NK cells, resident bacteria |
| What are specific immune defenses? | lymphocytes & antibodies |
| Allergies | a hypersensitivity to an antigen that isnt posing a risk to the body |
| Autoimmune Disorders | the immune system attacks the body's own cells & proteins |
| Immune Deficiency | immune response is impaired |
| What is the role of macrophages, B cells, & T cells in the lymph nodes? | filtering lymph of pathogens by engulfing them |
Created by:
Kolohegirl
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