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A&P I Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton? | 80 bones |
| What are the three major regions of the axial skeleton? | skull & associated/ vertebral column/ thoracic cage |
| What are the functions of the axial skeleton? | Supports and protects organs in body cavities/ attch to muscles of head, neck and trunk/ performs resp mvmnt/ stabilizes parts of appendicular skeleton |
| What does the skull protect? | Brain/ Entrance to respiratory and digestive system |
| What are the functions of cranial bones? | Form the braincase or cranium |
| What are the functions of facial bones? | Attch muscles of the face/ protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts. |
| What are sutures? | Immovable joints of the skull |
| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Lambdoid: Separates occipital from parietal bones. contains sutural bones |
| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Coronal: attch frontal to parietal |
| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Sagittal: btwn parietal bones |
| Know each of the sutures of the skull and which bones they connect. | Squamous: Boundaries btwn temporal and parietal |
| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Occipital: forms posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium |
| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Parietal: Form part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium |
| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Frontal: Form the anterior cranium and upper eye sockets |
| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Temporal: Part of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches/ articulate with mandible/ surround and protect inner ear/ attach muscles of jaws and head |
| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Sphenoid: Part of the floor of cranium/ unites cranial and facial bones/ strengthens sides of the skull |
| Know the function of each cranial bone. | Ethmoid: Part of floor of cranium/ roof of nasal cavity/ part of the nasal septum and orbital wall |
| What are the auditory ossicles? | Three tiny bones in the tympanic cavity |
| Know and be able to identify (on a diagram) all of the facial bones. | |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Maxillae: Support upper teeth/ form inferior orbital rim, upper jaw, and hardpalate |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Palatine: Form the posterior portion of the hard plate/ contribute to the floors of the orbit |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Nasal: Support bridge of nose/ connect to cartilages of the distal part of the nose |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Vomer: Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Inferior nasal conchae: Creates air turbulence in the nasal cavity/ warms and humidifies air/ increases epithelial surface area |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Zygomatic: Contribute to the rim and lateral wall of the orbit/ form part of the zygomatic arch |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Lacrimal: Smallest facial bones/ form part of the medial wall of the orbit |
| Know the functions of each facial bone. | Mandible: Forms lower jaw/ Articulates with the temporal bone |
| What is the function of the nasal conchae? | Allow inhaled air to evenly pass over mucous membranes that warm and moisturize the air |
| What are the functions of the hyoid bone? | Attch muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue/ helps with swallowing and speech |
| What bones make up the orbits? | Frontal/ Maxilla/ Lacrimal/ Ethmoid/ Sphenoid/ Palatine |
| What are fontanelles? | Soft spots that cover unfused sutures in the infant skull |
| Why does the infant skull have fontanelles? | Allows skull to flex during birth |
| What are the functions of the vertebral column? | Protects spinal cord/ supports head and body |
| How many total bones are in the vertebral column (adult)? | 26 |
| What are the four curves of the spine? | Cervical/ thoracic/ lumbar/ sacral |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary curves? | Primary: Thoracic & sacral curves. Present during fetal develop(Accommodation)/ Secondary: Lumbar & cervical. Appear after birth(Compensation) |
| Primary curves are also called… | Accommodation curves |
| Secondary curves are also called … | Compensation curves |
| Which curves are primary and which are secondary? | Primary: Thoracic & Sacral Secondary: Lumbar & Cervical |
| Know each abnormal spinal curvature condition and what causes it | Kyphosis: Abnormal forward curving of the thoracic spine. Osteoporosis |
| Know each abnormal spinal curvature condition and what causes it | Lordosis: Forward curvature of the spine. Pregnancy or weak abdominal muscles |
| Know each abnormal spinal curvature condition and what causes it | Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine. Appears during pre-adolescent growth spurts. Caused by paralysis of muscles on one side |
| Which bones are including in the vertebral column? | Neck/ upper back/ lower back/ sacrum/ coccyx |
| How many cervical vertebrae are there? Thoracic? Lumbar? | C7/ T12/ L5 |
| Know the markings and foramina of a typical vertebra. (Slides 67-69 and end of this handout). | Body/ spinous process/ transverse processes/ superior and inferior processes/ vertebral canal |
| What is the function of intervertebral discs? | Pads of fibrocartilage/ separate at vertebral bodies/ absorbs shocks |
| Know the location, structure, and functions of the atlas and axis. | Atlas (C1): Articulates w/ occipital condyles of skull. Has no body or spinous process/ Axis(C2): Supp the atlas. Heavy spinous process. Attch muscles of head and neck |
| What does the sacrum protect? | Reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs |
| How many vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum? | 5 fused sacral vertebrae |
| How many vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx? | 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae |
| What are the functions of the thoracic cage? | Supports and protects the thoracic cavity/ Consists of: thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum/ Attaches muscles |
| How many pairs of ribs are there in the thoracic cage? | 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones |
| Know which ribs are true or false, and which ribs are vertebrosternal, vertebrochondral, or floating. | True Ribs: 1-7, Vertebrosternal ribs/ False Ribs: 8-12, Vertebrochondral ribs/ Floating: 11-12 |
| What are the three parts of the sternum? | Manubrium/ Body/ Xiphoid process |
| What bones and cartilages does the manubrium articulate with? | Clavicles & cartilages of first rib pair |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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