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A&P I Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the relationship between joint strength and mobility? In other words, what happens to joint strength as joint mobility increases? | Joint strength decreases as mobility increases. |
| What is the difference between functional and structural classification of joints? | Structural: Based on anatomical composition of the joint (types of tissues that connect the two bones)/ Functional: Based on range of motion of the joint. |
| Know the three structural classifications of joints and their anatomical structure. | Fibrous joints- Adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. |
| What are the three types of synarthroses? | Suture: Only in skull/ Gomphosis: Fibrous connection. Binds teeth to sockets/ Synchondrosis: Rigid cartilaginous bridge btwn two bones. |
| What are the two types of amphiarthroses? | Syndesmosis: Bones connected by ligaments ex; distal end of tibia and fibula/ Symphysis: Bones separated by fibrocartilage. ex' pubis symphasis pads the two pubic bones. |
| What is the articular capsule? | Defines a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid |
| What is synovial fluid? | Clear liquid that reduces friction |
| What are articular cartilages? | Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules. Prevents bones from touching |
| There are three possible axes of motion at joints. What are they? | Monaxial( 1 axis)/ Biaxial ( 2 axes)/ Triaxial (3 axes) |
| Joints can move in ____ to ____ axes. | 1-3 |
| gliding | 2 surfaces slide past each other. Ex: btwn carpal or tarsal bones. |
| flexion/extension/hyperextension(Angular mvmnt) | Angular motion, sagital plane reduces angle btwn mvmt/ ""Increases angle btwn elements/"" Extension past anatomical position. |
| abduction/adduction | Angular motion, frontal plane, moves away from longitudinal axis/""moves toward longitudinal axis |
| circumduction | Circular motion w/o rotation |
| rotation (left, right, medial, and lateral) | Direction of rotation from anatomical position. Relative to longitudinal axis of body/ Medial R: inward R/ Lateral R: Outward R |
| pronation/supination | Rotates forearm, radius over ulna/ Forearm in anatomical position |
| inversion/eversion | Twists sole of foot medially/"" laterally |
| dorsiflexion/plantar flexion | Flexion at ankle/ Extension at ankle |
| opposition/reposition | Thumb mvmt toward fingers or palm(grasping)/ opposite of opposition. |
| protraction/retraction | Moves anteriorly, horizontal plane(pushing forward)/ Opposite of protraction, moving posteriorly (pulling back) |
| elevation/depression/lateral flexion. | Moves up/ down/ bends vertebral column from side to side |
| gliding. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Flattened or slightly curved faces/ slight nonaxial or multiaxial/ Ex: acromioclavicular & claviculosternal joints, intercarpal & intertarsal joints, sacro-iliac joints |
| hinge. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Angular motion in s single plane (monaxial)/ Ex: Elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joint |
| pivot. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Rotation only (monaxial)/ Ex: Atlanto-axial & proximal radio-ulnar joint |
| condylar. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Oval articular face within a depression/ motion in two planes (biaxial)/ Ex: radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal 2-5, and metatarsophalangeal joints |
| saddle. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Two concave, straddled (biaxial)/ Ex: First carpometacarpal joint |
| ball-and-socket. how many axes of movement each is capable of, and the examples of each joint type | Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)/ Ex: Shoulder & hip joint |
| What are the most commonly injured joints? | Ankle, shoulder, knee |
| sprain | stretching or tearing of supporting ligaments |
| sprained ankle | Most common joint injury. Excessive inversion or eversion at ankle |
| ACL | stabilizes knee by attch femur to tibia. commonly torn in sports due to sudden stopping, changing direction, or twisting at knee |
| shoulder separation | Ligaments holding the acromioclavicular joint are stretched or torn. |
| dislocation | Articulating surfaces are dislodged out of place by excessive force. |
| muscle strain | muscles or tendons are overextended. |
| rotator cuff tear | group of four tendons that atttach to shoulder muscles to humerus. Can tear or break down/ |
| tendonitis | Inflammation of tendons from overuse or acute injury. |
| tennis elbow | Excessive extension movements |
| patellofemoral syndrome | Pain in kneecap from overuse, articular cartilage breakdown, or muscle imbalances. |
| Most joint injuries can be effectively treated by which method? | RICE: Rest, ice, compression, elevation. |
| What is arthritis? | ALL forms of chronic joint pain or disease/ most forms have a genetic component that makes some people more likely than others to develop symptoms |
| What are some symptoms of arthritis? | Swelling/ pain/ stiffness/ decreased ROM |
| Understand the causes and differences between degenerative arthritis | Wearing down of articular cartilage due to age, overuse, or excessive weight |
| Understand the causes and differences between inflammatory arthritis | autoimmune condition. Immune system attacks joints, causing excessive inflammation and degradation |
| Understand the causes and differences between infectious arthritis | Bacterial, viral, or fungal infection in a joint from food poisoning, STI, or HepC/ Can be treated. |
| Know the three structural classifications of joints and their anatomical structure. | Cartilaginous joints: Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage |
| Know the three structural classifications of joints and their anatomical structure. | Synovial joints: Articulating surfaces of bones are not directly connected. Contained within a joint cavity filled with lubricating fluid. |
| Be familiar with the three functional classifications of joints and how movable each type is | Synarthrosis: Immovable joint. Commonly fibrous joints, sometimes cartilaginous. |
| Be familiar with the three functional classifications of joints and how movable each type is | Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint. Commonly cartilaginous joints, sometimes fibrous. |
| Be familiar with the three functional classifications of joints and how movable each type is | Diarthrosis: Freely movable joint. ALL are synovial joints. |
| Be familiar with the accessory structures of synovial joints and the functions of each. | Cartilages: cushion the joint. Meniscus (fibrocartilage pad) |
| Be familiar with the accessory structures of synovial joints and the functions of each. | Fat Pads: Superficial to the joint capsule/ Protects articular cartilages |
| Be familiar with the accessory structures of synovial joints and the functions of each. | Ligaments: Anchor bones to other bones/ Support & strengthen joints |
| Be familiar with the accessory structures of synovial joints and the functions of each. | Tendons: Anchor muscles to bones/ attach to muscles around joint to support joint |
| Be familiar with the accessory structures of synovial joints and the functions of each. | Bursae: Pockets of synovial fluid outside of the joint capsule that cushions areas where tendons or ligaments rub |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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