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urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the three tissue layers that support the kidneys? | renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule |
| this layer attaches kidney to wall | renal fascia |
| this layer serves for cushioning | perirenal fat capsule |
| this layer supports and protects against infection | fibrous capsule |
| the outer region of the kidney | cortex is site of urine filtration |
| is deep to cortex and has lots of tubules, capillaries, renal pyramids, and columns | medulla |
| this acts as a funnel and connects to ureters | pelvis |
| true or false: over 90% of each kidney's blood supply reaches and perfuses the cortex. this organ is also where filtration occurs | true |
| what is the vessel sequence? | aorta-renal artery-segmental artery-interlobar artery-arcuate artery-cortical radiate artery-afferent arteriole-glomerulus-efferent arteriole-vasa recta-cortical radiate vein-arcuate vein-interlobar vein-segmental vein-renal vein- inferior vena cava |
| the renal corpuscle includes | glomerulus and capsule |
| what part of the renal corpuscle is where filtrate is produced? | glomerulus |
| what part of the renal corpuscle is where filtrate enters capsular space within capsule and has podocytes where the filtrate enters through slits between the cells? | glomerular capsule |
| the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct are all involved in | reabsorption and secretion |
| this structure takes the urine to the ureters | collecting duct |
| these are the most numerous nephrons(85%), are found mostly in the cortex, and have a little loop in medulla | cortical nephrons |
| these are the less common, have corpuscles in cortex, and have a long loop in the medulla | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| this is where everyday urine is produced | cortical nephrons |
| this is where concentrated urine is produced | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| what is the glomerulus job? | initial filtration |
| these structures surround the tubules | peritubular capillaries |
| these structures surround nephron loops | vasa recta |
| glomerular pressure is a passive process that is driven by your | hydrostatic(blood) pressure |
| what is the comparison of normal blood capillaries and the glomerulus? | There are around 26 mmHg in capillary beds while in glomerular capillaries there is 55 mm HG!!! |
| what are the stuff that leaks? | water, glucose, AAs, nitrogenous wastes(UREA, URIC ACID, CREATINE) |
| what is intrinsic controls? | its regulation of filtration by the kidney itself |
| myogenic mechanisms means | if blood pressure increases, afferent arterioles constrict |
| the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism occurs in the | juxtaglomerular complex that responds to salt concentrations and glomerular filtration |
| if glomerular filtration and salt concentrations increase.... | ATP will be released causing the vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole and decreased glomerular filtration rate |
| what is extrinsic controls? | regulation from outside of the kidney |
| sympathetic nervous system controls is caused by | baroreceptor reflex |
| what do baroreceptor reflex respond to? | they respond to low systemic blood pressure. they will cause norepinephrine and epinephrine release cause afferent arteriole constriction which will reduce GFR and help maintain BP |
| what is the renin-angiotensin mechanism driven by ? | low blood pressure causes the Juxtaglomerular complex to release renin. |
| renin is converts what to what | angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
| what does angiotensin II(active) cause? | systemic vasoconstriction(raises blood pressure) and stimulate aldosterone release which helps sodium and salt reabsorption(raises blood pressure) |
| tubular reabsorption that is active requires | ATP |
| tubular reabsorption that is not active doesn't require ATP | true |
| sodium reabsorption is | active ! takes place everywhere EXCEPT decending loop |
| why is sodium important? | powers reabsorption of most other molecules |
| starting reabsorbing what products | water, glucose, AAs, ions(CL, Ca), and urea |
| water can not be reabsorbed where? | descending limb and distal convoluted tubule |
| aldosterone does what | stimulates sodium thus water reabsorption |
| antidiuretic hormone stimulates | water reabsorption by collecting ducts |
| atrial natriuretic peptide | inhibits sodium reabsorption, increasing water loss |
| parathyroid hormone | stimulates calcium reabsorption |
| tubular secretion | secretion back into the urine |
| you are actively secreting | drugs, urea, uric acid, some ions |
| 95% of your urine is water and the other 5% is solutes including | urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, creatinine, uric acid |
| ureters are | one exits each kidney. smooth muscle in walls move urine |
| urinary bladder is | urine storage. has detrusor muscle that squeezes out urine(smooth muscle) has an internal and external sphincter |
| urethra | exits ladder. urogenital function in males is longer, |
Created by:
klopez002
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