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APHuG Unit 5
Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | The planting and harvesting of domesticated plants and the raising of domesticated animals for food |
| Domesticated plant | A plant that is deliberately planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans and is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors |
| Domesticated animal | An animal that depends on people for food and shelter and is different from its wild ancestors in looks and behavior as a result of close contact with humans |
| Farmers | Individuals who practice agriculture by growing crops, raising animals, or some combination of the two |
| Physical geography | The study of the Earth's physical characteristics and processes; how they work, how they affect humans, and how humans affect them |
| Nutrients | Components of topsoil (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) necessary for plants to survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Topography | The arrangement of shapes on Earth's surface |
| Climate | The average pattern of weather over a 30-year period for a particular region |
| Weather | The day-to-day atmospheric conditions that affect daily decisions |
| Tropical wet climate | A climate located along the equator that experiences rain every day of the year |
| Tropical wet and dry climate | A climate located along the equator that has a dry season with little to no rain, usually in the winter; is often subject to monsoons |
| Monsoon | Seasonal reversal of winds with a general onshore movement in summer and a general offshore movement in winter; onshore winds bring monsoon rains |
| Monsoon rains | Long periods of heavy rains every day at the end of a short dry season |
| Arid climate | A climate that receives less than 10 inches of rain annually |
| Semiarid (steppe) climate | A climate that receives about 10 to 20 inches- of rain annually that can support farming |
| Moderate climate | A climate with an average year-round temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit; found north and south of the equator on the edges of tropical climates |
| Humid subtropical climate | A climate with long, hot summers and short, mild winters with variable precipitation; found on east coasts of continents |
| Marine west coast climate | A climate found along western coasts of continents closer to the poles; characterized by moderate temperatures during long summers and cool winters |
| Mediterranean climate | A climate with winter precipitation, unusually mild winters, and clear skies with abundant sunshine; found along the Mediterranean Sea and a few coastal regions |
| Continental climate | A climate that has a large range of temperatures and moderate precipitation; found in the interior of continents, north of the moderate climate zones |
| Humid continental climate | A climate with a wide range of temperatures moderate precipitation, and four distinct seasons; experiences warm to hot summers, moderate to abundant rainfall (20-50 inches), and cold winters with precipitation falling as snow |
| Humid cold climate | A climate with frigid temperatures nearly year-round; found in northern reaches of the continental climate zone and often described as subarctic |
| Intensive agriculture | Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding |
| Subsistence agriculture | Food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community, rather than principally for sale in the market |
| Commercial agriculture | Farming oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market |
| Market gardening | A small-scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetables and fruits, mostly for sale in local or regional markets |
| Truck farm | A scaled-up version of market gardening, with more acreage, less crop diversity, and a stronger orientation toward more distant markets |
| Plantation | Large landholding devoted to capital-intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace |
| Mixed crop/Livestock agriculture | A diversified system of agriculture based on the cultivation of cereal grains and root crops (such as potatoes and yams) and the rearing of herd livestock |
| Cereal grains | Seeds that come from a wide variety of grasses cultivated around the world, including wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and maize (corn) |
| Millet | A fast-growing cereal plant that is widely grown in warm regions with poor soil |
| Root crops | Vegetables that form below ground and must be dug at maturity, such as cassava, potatoes, and yams |
| Cash crop | A crop raised to be sold for profit rather than to food the farm family and the livestock; common cash crops are cotton, flax, hemp, coffee, and tobacco |
| Peasants | Small-scale farmers who own their fields, rely chiefly on family labor, and produce both for their own subsistence and for sale in the market |
| Paddy rice farming | A system of wet rice cultivation on small level fields bordered by impermeable walls; the fields (paddies) are flooded with 4-6 inches of water for about three-quarters of the growing season |
| Grain farming | A highly mechanized commercial farming system that specializes in the production of cereal grains; requires large farms and widespread use of machinery, synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, and genetically engineered seeds |
| Livestock fattening | An intensive system of animal feeding utilizing fenced enclosures to fatten livestock; mostly cattle and hogs, for slaughter and processing for the market |
| Feedlot | A fenced enclosure used for intensive livestock feeding that serves to limit livestock movement and associated weight loss |
| Dairying | A farming system that specializes in the breeding, rearing, and utilization of livestock (primarily cows) to produce milk and its various by-products, such as yogurt, butter, and cheese |
| Extensive agriculture | Crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals |
| Shifting cultivation | The cultivation of a plot of land until it becomes less productive, typically over a period of about three0 to five years; when productivity drops, the farmer shifts to a new plot of land that has been prepared by slash-and-burn agriculture |
| Slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture | Agriculture that involves cutting small plots in forests and woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the ground and release nutrients, and planting in the ash of the cleared plot |
| Intercropping | The farming practice of planting multiple crops together in the same clearing |
| Nomadic herding (nomadic pastoralism or pastoralism) | A system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open pasturelands |
| Tundra | The vast, flat, treeless arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen |
| Livestock ranching | The practice of using extensive tracts of land to rear herds of livestock to sell as meat, hides, or wool |
| Rural area | Area located outside of towns and cities; all the space, population, and housing not included in an urban area |
| Rural settlement | Small group of people living outside of an urban area |
| Agricultural landscape | The visible imprint of agricultural practices |
| Grain elevator | Large storage facility for grain |
| Suitcase farm | In US commercial grain agriculture regions, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting are done by hired migratory crews |
| Silo | Round or square tower-like structure that stores feed for the livestock on the farm |
| Settlement patterns | The ways in which people organize themselves on the land |
| Clustered settlement (farm village) | A tightly bunched farm settlement that has anywhere form a few dozen to several hundred inhabitants |
| Farmstead | Center of farm operations, which includes the farmhouse, barns, shed, livestock pens, and family garden |
| Dispersed settlement (isolated settlement pattern) | A settlement pattern in which families live relatively distant from one another |
| Linear settlement pattern | A settlement pattern in which buildings are arranged in a line, often along a road or river; limited to areas where legal systems dictated that property lines must be rectangular |
| Survey methods | The methods used by surveyors to lay out property lines |
| Cadastral survey | Systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use, and boundaries |
| Metes and bounds | Survey system that used natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries |
| Township and range | Land survey system created by the US Land Ordinance of 1785, which divides most of the country's territory into a grid of square-shaped townships with 6-mile sides |
| Long-lot survey system | A unit-block surveying system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times longer than it is wide |
| Domestication | The long-term process through which humans selectively breed, protect, and care for individuals take from populations of wild plant and animal species to create genetically distinct species, known as domesticates |
| First Agricultural Revolution | Period during which the early domestication and diffusion of plants and animals and the cultivation of seed crops led to the development of agriculture |
| Teosinte | Large wild grass native to Mexico that produced the small ears of maize (corn) that were a favored food among early groups in Mesoamerica |
| Mesoamerica | The cultural region in the Americas that includes the diverse civilizations in the modern-day countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica |
| Biodiversity | The variety and variability among species and ecosystems |
| Hearth | A center where innovations or new practices develop and from which the innovations or new practices spread or diffuse |
| Fertile Crescent | Area in Southwest Asia that includes the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, the earliest center for domestication of seed plants |
| Indus River Valley | |
| Columbian Exchange | The interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World (Europe and Asia) in the 15th and 16th centuries |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Period thst brought improved methods of cultivations, harvesting, and storage of farm produce that began in the the late 1600s and continued through the 1930s |
| Seed drill | A machine for planting seeds in a row |
| Mechanical reaper | A machine used to harvest grain crops mechanically; patented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 |
| Scythe | An agricultural hand tool with a curved blade used for cutting grain in the fields |
| Agrichemicals | Chemical compounds obtained from petroleum and natural gas for use in agriculture; agrichemicals include fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides |
| Synthetic fertilizer | Industrially manufactured nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, made from petroleum by-products; contains higher concentrations of nutrients for plants than natural fertilizers |
| Pesticide | Material used to kill or repel animals or insects that can damage, destroy, or inhibit crop growth |
| Herbicide | Pesticide designed to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants (weeds) that compete with crops |
| Nutrient pollution | Consequence of overuse of fertilizer; occurs when excess nutrients seep down into ground-water or are carried into nearby waterways as runoff |
| Runoff | The flow of rain or irrigation water over land |
| Green Revolution | The U.S.-supported development of high-yield seed varieties that increased the productivity of cereal crops and accompanying agricultural technologies for transfer to less developed countries |
| Crossbreeding | The act of mixing different species or varieties of plants or animals to produce hybrids |
| Hybrid | The offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties |
| Double-cropping | Planting another crop on the same plot of land as soon as the first crop has been harvested |
| Multicropping | Planting two or three corps per year on the same land |
| Hierarchical diffusion | Occurs when ideas leapfrog from one important person, community, or city to another, bypassing other persons, communities, or rural areas |
| Cassava | A root vegetable native to South America |
| Sorghum | A grain plant native to northeast Africa |
| Endemic | Native to or characteristic of a certain environment |
| Environmental contamination | Chemical residue that builds up with each application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides |
| Soil salinization | The concentration of dissolved salts in the soil |
| Soil salinity | A measure of the concentration of dissolved salts in the soil; high soil salinity results from poor irrigation practices |
| Capital expenditures | Assets that cost money, such as land, machinery, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, seeds, and livestock feed |
| Bid-rent theory | Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases |
| Central Business District (CBD) | A dense cluster of offices and shops located at the city's most accessible point, usually its center |
| Large-scale commercial operation | A large-scale farm oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market |
| Monocropping (Monoculture) | The cultivation of a single commercial crop on extensive tracts of land |
| Agricultural cooperative | An organization where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity such as services or production; services or production resources are provided to individual farm members |
| Family farm | A farming operation wholly owned by a family or family corporation that sells its products to some defined market, either directly or through a cooperative |
| Commodity | In agriculture, a primary product that can be bought and sold, such as coffee, rice, or milk |
| Commodity chain | A series of links connecting a commodity's many places of production, distribution, and consumption |
| Agribusiness | Large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry |
| Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) | Animal rearing system that confines livestock in high-density cages only large enough to allow the animal's body to grow and to accommodate equipment for feeding and waste removal |
| Cool chain | The system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technologies to keep farm produce fresh in climate-controlled environments at every stage of transport from field to retail grocers and restaurants |
| Hinterland | The area surrounding a city |
| Global supply chain | Agribusinesses, organized at the global scale; encompasses all elements of growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food for people |
| Contract farming | Arrangement between an independent farmer and an agribusiness company to produce a crop; the agribusiness provides the farmer with all the supplies needed to produce a crop in exchange for a guaranteed price and buyer |
| Proprietary seeds | Seeds that are developed and entirely owned by a comapny |
| Export commodity | A cash crop that is produced for export to wealthier countries at the expense of crop production for local consumption |
| Subsidies | Guaranteed prices for staple food crops |
| Famine | Extreme scarcity of food |
| Dead zones | Sections of a body of water where there is very little aquatic life |
| Deforestation | Clearing and destruction of forest to clear land for agriculture use |
| Desertification | The process by which once-fertile land becomes desert as result of climate variation or human activities |
| Water control land reclamation | The process of draining land inundated with either fresh water or salt water to increase areas for agricultural production |
| Irrigated agriculture | Farming that relies on the controlled application of water to cultivated fields |
| Water mining | The use of deep-well drilling technology and powerful industrial pumping systems to remove water in the ground |
| Aquifer | Underground water deposited hundreds of thousands of years ago |
| Biofuel | A fuel derived from organic wastes or plant materials |
| Biodiesal | Fuel made from vegetable oils |
| Sustainable agriculture | A commitment to satisfying human food and textile needs and to enhancing the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole, now and in the future; it requires a balance among feeding the growing population, minimizing environmental impacts, and ensuring social justice |
| Genetically modified organism (GMO) | A living organism, including crops and livestock, that is produced through genetic engineering |
| Aquaculture | The cultivation and harvesting of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions |
| Mariculture | The farming of saltwater species such as shrimp, oysters, and marine fish |
| Urban farming | The practice of growing fruits and vegetables on small private plots or shared community gardens within the confines of a city |
| Community-supported agriculture | A direct-to-consumer marketing arrangement in which farmers are guaranteed buyers for their produce at guaranteed prices and consumers receive fresh food directly from the producers |
| Farmers' market | A venue (ranging from a few stalls in the street to covered enclosures extending a few city blocks) in which farmers sell tehri produce directly to consumers |
| Organic farming | The production of crops and livestock using ecological processes, natural biodiversity, and renewable resources rather than industrial practices and synthetic inputs |
| Conventional agriculture | Farming that depends on manufactured synthetic inputs, GMO seeds, and other industrial practices |
| Value-added specialty crop | A crop whose physical state or form has been changed |
| Fair trade | A certification program that supports good crop prices for farmers and environmentally sound farming practices |
| Slow-food | Movement that resists fast food by preserving the cultural cuisine and the associated food and farming practices of an ecoregion |
| Locavores | People who dedicate themselves to slow-food diets and to obtaining as much of their nutrition as possible from local farmers |
| Food desert | Area with limited access to fresh, nutritious foods |
| Food security | According to the United Nations, the situation in which all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life |
| Food insecurity | Occurs when large numbers of people experience long periods of inadequate diets |
| Division of labor | How a group divides the range of tasks within a social system; in subsistence systems, tasks are generally divided based on age and gender |
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sstiles08
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