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Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The integumentary system consists of (5) | 1. skin 2. hair 3. nails 4. sweat glands 5. sebaceous glands |
| Functions of the skin (6) | 1. protection 2. temperature regulation 3. cutaneous regulation 4. metabolic functions 5. blood reservoir 6. excretion of water |
| 3 layers of the skin | epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
| thick skin | covers palms of hands and soles of feet; consists of 5 layers |
| stratum basale | deepest layer of the epidermis; single layer of cells attached to the dermis |
| stratum spinosum | prickly layer that resists tension; several live layers; contain keratinocytes and melanocytes |
| stratum granulosum | water proofing layer; consists of 3-5 layers; appearance of cells change |
| stratum lucidum | found only in thick skin; thin translucent band; 2-3 rows; clear, flat, dead keratinocytes |
| stratum corneum | 20-30 rows of flat anucleate keratinized dead cells; accounts for 3/4 of epidermis thickness |
| aptosis | controlled cell death and how cells change |
| 4 cell types in the epidermis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (langerhans), and tactile (merkel) |
| what cells are the most prevalent in the epidermis? | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| keratinocytes | produce keratin; tightly connected by desmosomes; millions slough off every day |
| melanocytes | spider shaped; located in stratum basale; produce melanin |
| dendritic (langerhans) cells | star shaped macrophages; patrol epidermis; activators of the immune system |
| tactile (merkel) cells | very sensitive receptors |
| dermis | beneath the epidermis; connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles |
| how many layers are in the dermis | 2 |
| Hair follicle | the epithelial surrounding the hair structure |
| Papillary layer | a thin superficial layer of the dermis; loose (areolar) connective tissue with loosely woven collagen and elastin fibers, many blood vessels and nerve endings |
| fingerprints | friction ridges; boundary between epidermis and dermis forms uneven ridges |
| Reticular Layer | very thick and deep layer of the dermis; irregular dense connective tissue with elastin and thick bundles of collagen; contains blood vessels, nerve endings, glands and hair follicles |
| Sudoriferous glands | sweat glands covering all skin except lips, nipples, and external genitalia |
| functions of sudoriferous glands (4) | 1. prevent overheating 2. provide sexual scent 3. deter insects 4. feed young |
| What are the 4 types of sudoriferous glands? | eccrine (merocrine), apocrine, cerumenous, and mammary |
| Eccrine (merocrine) glands | simple coiled glands over most of body; secrete mostly water; smaller salt, waste and microbial components; prevent overheating through evaporative cooling |
| Apocrine glands | large sweat glands emptying into hair follicles in axillary and anogenital regions; true sweat with fats and proteins; produce odor when bacteria break down components; produces sexual scent |
| ceruminous glands | modified apocrine glands in the ear canal that secrete earwax and deter insects from entering |
| mammary glands | modified sweat glands that secrete milk; provide balanced food for young offspring |
| Arrector Pili | small band of smooth muscle attached to hair follicle; raise hair shaft to trap air and causes goosebumps |
| sebaceous glands | holocrine oil glands covering all skin except palms of hands and soles of feet; cells accumulate lipids and burst secreting sebum into hair follicles |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | in dermal papillae and detect light touch |
| Pacinian corpuscles | in deeper dermis and detect pressure |
| Krause end bulbs (bulboid) corpuscles | throughout skin and detect pain |
| striae | dermal tears; stretch marks |
| blisters | acute short term trauma; fluid-filled pockets that seperate epidermal and dermal layers |
| what 3 pigments contribute to skin color? | melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin |
| melanin | only pigment made in skin; made by melanocytes; stimulated by sun exposure; all humans have the same number |
| eumelanin | brown and black pigment |
| phomelanin | red and yellow pigment |
| carotene | yellow to orange pigment found in plant products; accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis |
| hemoglobin | pinkish hue of fair skin is due to lower levels of melanin; delivers oxygen to blood cells |
| what happens to skin during excessive sun exposure | elastic fibers clump together and skin becomes leathery |
| cyanosis | blueish skin; low oxygenation of hemoglobin |
| erythema | redness of the skin |
| pallor | pale skin |
| jaundice | yellow cast |
| hair functions | warn off insects, guard against physical trauma, protect from heat loss, and shield skin from sun |
| hair (pili) | flexible strands of dead keratinized cells produced in hair follicles |
| hair shaft | area extending above the scalp where keratinization is complete |
| hair root | area of the hair within the scalp |
| vellus hair | pale, fine body hair of children and adult females |
| terminal hair | course, long hair |
| alopecia | hair thinning after the age of 40; true baldness |
| male pattern baldness | caused by follicular response to DHT -- short growth cycles of follicles |
| alopecia areata | immune system attacks hair follicles |
| nails | scale like modifications of epidermis; contain hard keratin and serve as a protective cover for the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes |
| nail bed | epidermis underneath the keratinized nail plate |
| nail matrix | thickened potion of bed responsible for nail growth |
| nail folds | skin folds that overlap the border of a nail |
| eponychium | cuticle; nail fold that projects on to the surface of the nail body |
| hyponychium | area under the free edge of plate that accumulates dirt |
| lunule | thickened nail matrix; appears white and crescent shaped |
| burn | tissue damage due to environmental factors |
| what can cause burns? | heat, chemicals, electricity, radioactivity, cryogenic (cold) |
| rules of 9's | estimation of body surface area burned is based on assigning percentages to different body areas |
| minor burn | less than 5% BSA |
| moderate burn | 5-15% BSA |
| severe burn | greater than 15% BSA |
| 1st degree burn | only injures the epidermis; no scarring; very painful |
| 2nd degree burn | injures epidermis and some of the dermis; no scarring If infection is avoided |
| 3rd degree burn | injures epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and accessory skin organs; scarring; less painful due to the destruction of nerve endings |
| 4th degree burn | muscle and tendon damage goes all the way to bone |
| partial thickness burn | epidermis is damaged but skin regenerates |
| full thickness burn | both epidermis and dermis are damaged and skin does not regenerate leaving scarring |
| burn treatment (4) | debridement, antibiotics, temporary covering, and skin grafts |
Created by:
ojvalley
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