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A&P #10
Part 2- the urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cystitis | an inflammation of the bladder. |
| Pyelonephritis | an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney. This usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder. |
| Urethritis | an inflammation of the urethra. |
| Anuria | the absence of the urine formation by the kidneys. This condition is often caused by kidney failure or a urinary tract obstruction. |
| Diuresis | the increased output of urine. |
| Dysuria | difficult or painful urination. This condition is frequently associated with urinary tract infections, |
| Enuresis | the involuntary discharge of urine. |
| Nocturnal enuresis | urinary incontinence during sleep. Bed-wetting, Nocturnal menas pertaining to night, |
| Nocturia | frequent excessive urination during the night. |
| Oliguria | means scanty urination (olig means scanty, -uria means urination). This can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or a urinary tract obstruction. Oliguria is the opposite of polyuria. |
| Polyuria | means excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes. Polyuria is the opposite of oliguria. |
| Urinary hesitancy | the difficulty in starting a urinary stream. This condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands. In younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present is now as bashful bladder syndrome. |
| Urinary retention | the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate. This condition is also most common in men and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate gland. |
| Incontinence | the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces or both. |
| Urinary incontinence | the inability to control the voiding of urine. |
| overflow incontinence | continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because t does not empty completely. It is usually caused by a blocked urethra and is prevalent in older men with enlarged prostates. |
| stress incontinence | not able to control the void or urine under physical tree such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing. This common condition occurs more often in women than in men. |
| Overactive bladder- urge incontinence | when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate. |
| Urinalysis | the examination of urine for the presence of abnormal elements. These test are used to diagnose diseases, kidney damage, and pregnancy, as well as to detect the presence substances such as illicit drugs and prescription medications. |
| Glomerular filtration rate | a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood. This test can help diagnose chronic kidney desease and kidney failure. |
| Blood urea nitrogen test | an indicator of kidney function. |
| Bladder ultrasound | the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. |
| Bladder | holds between 300 to 400 mL of urine. When more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder is described as being a distended or enlarged. |
| Urinary cathereization | the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. It is also used to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons or to place medication into the bladder. |
| Cystoscopy | the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope. An endoscope is an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures. |
| Cystoscope | A specialized cystoscope is also used for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors or the reduction of an enlarged gland. |
| Computed tomography also known as a CT scan | is commonly used to evaluate the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional radiographic imagining of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient's symptoms. |
| Cystography | an ex-ray or fluoroscopy examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter. The resulting gifts is a cystogram |
| Fluoroscopy | uses continuous x-rays projected onto a screen during the exam. Can be used to track the flow of contrast or direct an intervention such as stent placement. |
| Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) | a set of x-ray images of the kidneys, ureters and bladder using an intravenous contrast medium to clearly visualize the structures. |
| Intravenous pyelography | The process of creating the images. IVP is used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract resulting from nephrons, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors and internal injuries after an abdominal trauma. |
| KUB (Kidney, Ureters, Bladder) | an x-ray study without the use of a contrast medium. This study also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen, is used to detect bowel obstruction and nephroliths. |
| Retrograde pyelogram Retrograde- moving backward | an x-ray of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been instilled into one or both ureters throughout a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract, usually as part of cystoscopy. |
| Voiding cystourethrography | a diagnostic procedure in which fluoroscopy is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra. This procedure is often performed after cystography. |
| digital rectal exam (DRE) DIgital- finger Palpate- touch to examine a body part | performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum. |
| Prostate-specific antigen blood test (PSA) | used to screen prostate cancer. This test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen. |
| Prostate-specific antigen | a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquefy semen. The higher a man's PSA level, the more likely cancer is present. |
| Diuretics | medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt. Some foods and drinks such as coffee, tea and alcoholic beverages also have a diuretic effect. |
| other drugs to treat a UTI | antibiotics and antispasmodics to block the signal that cause urinary incontinence. |
| Dialysis | a procedure remove waste products, such as urea, creatine and water. Blood from patient whose kidneys no longe function. Two types of dialysis in common use are hemo- and peri-. Patients can sometimes choose the type of long term they prefer. |
| Hemodialysis | the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patients blood. Treatment is performed on an external hemodialysis machine, sometimes referred to as an artificial kidney. Most common type of dialysis, |
| shunt | an artificial passage that allows blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis unit, |
| Dialyste | a sterilized solution made of water and electrolytes. This solution cleans the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids. |
| Electrolytes | the minerals that conduct electricity and are found in the body fluid, tissue and blood. Cleansed blood retuned to the body through a vein, treatment take around 4 hours either at a clinic or home. |
| Peritoneal Dialysis-the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to waste from the blood. ( less effective than Hemodialysis) | Sterile dialysate flows into the peritoneal cavity around the intestine through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall. This fluid is left in for a period of time to absorb waste products and then drained out through the tube. |
| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)-- ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about the daily activities. | Dialystate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under clothing. Solution in drained back into the bag and bag is discarded. New bag is attached, solution is filled and process continues. |
| Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)/ automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) | uses a machine to cycle the dialysate solution during the night while the patient sleeps. |
| Nephrolysis | is the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions. An adhesion is a band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally. -lysis means setting free; however, it also means destruction. Therefore, the term nephrolysis can also describe a pathologic |
| Nephrostomy- is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body. | In a kidney affected by hydronephrosis, this allows urine from the kidney to be drained directly through the lower back. Nephrostomy tubes are also used to gain access to the kidneys for diagnostic procedures. |
| pyelotomy | surgical incision into the renal pelvis. This procedure is performed to remove obstructions such as lodged stones in the junction between the pelvis and the ueter. |
| Renal/Kidney transplant | the graphing of a do not kidney from either a living or nonliving donor. It does not need to be genetically related but it does increase the success rate. one kidney is capable of adequately perform all kidney functions and frees the patient from dialysis |
| Extracorporeal Shockwave lithotripsy-- ESWL | most common kidney stone treatment. High energy ultrasonic soundwaves travel through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments. Excreted in the urine. Extracorporeal means situated or occurring outside the body. |
| percutaneous nephrolithotomy PCNL Percutaneous- performed through the skin. | surgical removal of a stone through a small incision in the back. A small tube is temp inserted into the kidney. Stone is crushed after the first urine is removed. This is used ESWL is not successful. |
| Ureters | ureterectomy- the surgical removal of a ureter. |
| Ureterscopy | a treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter. If possible the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope. If the stone is too large, a laser is used to break up the pieces are then removed. |
| Urinary bladder | cystectomy- the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. it is usually performed to treat bladder cancer. |
| Ilieal Conduit/ urinary ileostomy | the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen |
| Cytorrhaphy | the surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder. |
| lithotomy | the surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder. Although this surgery is no longer common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving the pelvis and lower abdomen. |
| urinary catheterization | known as cathing, is the insertion of a flexible plastic tube called a catheter into the bladder to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, allow to drain freely, to place a fluid such as a chemo solution. |
| indwelling catheter | remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need. Residing within, can be either a urethral or a suprapubic catheter. |
| suprapubic cathetherization | the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone. |
| foley catheter-the most common type of indwelling catheter. | This device is made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder. It is commonly used on post surgical patients and is named for its inventor Frederic Foley |
| intermittent catheter | also known as a short-term catheter, is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from bladder. |
| Meatotomy | a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening. |
| Urethrotomy | a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture. A stricture is an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage. |
| Ablation-Prostate Electrocautery- the use of high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue. | term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer. It involves the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery or other methods. |
| protectomy | the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland. This procedure is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland, it can lead to erectile difficulties. |
| radical prostatectomy | the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or when cancer is suspected. |
| transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) | the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope. |
| Resctoscope | is specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystoscope. |
| Retrograde ejaculation | when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis. This is most common long-term complication of a TURP. |
| Radiation therapy / Hormone therapy | are additional used to control prostate cancer. Watchful waiting is often the prescribed course of action in older patients because this desease normally progresses slowly. |
| Kegel Exercises | Named for Dr. Arnold Kegel-a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. |
| bladder retraining | behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. Goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and break the cycle of frequency and urgency. |
Created by:
beckyjo76
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