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A&P #10
Part 1- the urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kidneys | nephr/o , ren/o Filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations, and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body. |
| Renal Pelvis | pyel/o Collects urine produced by the kidneys. |
| Urine | ureter/o Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. |
| Urinary Bladder | cyst/o Stores urine until it is excreted. |
| Prostate | prostat/o Agland of the male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra. Disorders of this gland can disrupt the flow of urine. |
| Urinary Tract | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, one bladder, one urethra. |
| Homeostasis | the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment (home/o means constant, and -stasis means control). |
| Homeostasis function #1 | Maintaining the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in the body by filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys. |
| Homeostasis functions #2 | Constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste materials from the bloodstream. Urea (you-REE-ah) is the major waste product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism. |
| Homeostasis function #3 | Converting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excreting them from the body via the urinary bladder. |
| Homeostasis function #4 | Urine is a clear, amber, slightly acidic liquid with an acrid odor that is formed in the kidneys and excreted from the urinary bladder. |
| genitourinary tract | The urinary tract is located in close proximity to the reproductive organs, so these two body systems are sometimes referred to together |
| Retroperitoneal | The two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, with one on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphragm and the lower edge of the rib cage. behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. |
| renal cortex | the outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons. The term cortex means the outer portion of an organ. |
| medulla | the inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules. A tubule is a small tube. |
| Nephrons | are the microscopic functional units of each kidney. It is here that urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| Reabsorption | the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration. |
| glomerulus | Each nephron contains a glomerulus (gloh-MER-you-lus), which is a cluster of capillaries (plural, glomeruli), surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman’s capsule, and a renal tubule. |
| renal artery | Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows into the nephrons. |
| Kidney#2 | Constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. These are excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes. |
| renal pelvis | the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters. |
| ureters | two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. |
| Peristalsis | which is a series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder. Peristalsis is also part of the digestive process, as described in Chapter 9. |
| Orifice | means opening. |
| urinary bladder | an oval, hollow, muscular organ that is reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body. |
| rugae | allows bladder to expand when full and contract when empty. |
| cortex | outer portion of an organ |
| urethra | tube from bladder to exterior of body. Length of meatus= 1.5"- woman 8"- males |
| Meatus | external opening of a canal |
| Urination | voiding/mictrurition, excreting urine |
| Nephrologist | kidney specialist |
| Urologist | urinary system |
| Nephropathy | Any desease of the kidney, Includes both degenerative/inflammatory conditions. |
| sphincter | ring-like muscle that closes a passageway. |
| Diabetic nephropathy | kidney disease resulting from poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. |
| Renal failure, also known as kidney failure | the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions. The body cannot replace damaged nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure |
| Azotemia | an elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney. Uremia can occur when this excess becomes toxic. |
| Uremia / uremic poisoning | a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood (ur means urine, and -emia means blood condition). |
| Acute renal failure (ARF)- has sudden onset by uremia | It can be fatal if not reversed promptly. This condition can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure from injury, burns, or a severe infection. |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | the progressive loss of renal function over months or years. This common condition, which can be life-threatening, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease. |
| End-stage renal disease (ESRD)- kidney failure | the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant. |
| Nephrotic syndrome (neh-FROT-ick), also known as nephrosis | a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine. This condition, which is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli, results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood |
| Edema (eh-DEE-mah) | excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues that can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases. This swelling can be in the area around the eyes, or in the legs and feet. |
| Hyperproteinuria (high-per-proh-tee-in-YOU-ree-ah) | the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine (hyper- means excessive, protein means protein, and -uria means urine). |
| Hypoproteinemia (high-poh-proh-tee-in-EE-mee-ah) | the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood (hypo- means deficient or decreased, protein means protein, and -emia means blood condition). This condition is often associated with hyperproteinuria |
| Minimal change disease | Causes of nephrotic syndrome include diabetes mellitus, infection, and kidney disorders. Minimal change disease , so called because the nephrons look normal under a regular microscope, is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. |
| ectopic kidney is a congenital condition | which one kidney is located in an abnormal position or has fused with the other kidney. Ectopic means located in an abnormal place or position. This condition can be associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections and nephroliths. |
| Hydronephrosis (high-droh-neh-FROH-sis)-he dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys. (hydr/o means water, nephr means kidney, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). | This condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith (kidney stone) or a stricture (narrowing) in the ureter |
| Nephritis (neh-FRY-tis) | an inflammation of the kidneys. The most common causes of nephritis are toxins, infections or an autoimmune disease. |
| Glomerulonephritis (gloh-mer-you-loh-neh-FRY-tis) | a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine (glomerul/o means glomeruli, nephr means kidney, and -itis means inflammation). |
| Pyonephrosis (pye-oh-nef-ROH-sis), | also known as nephropyosis , is suppuration of the kidney (py/o means pus, nephr means kidney, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease), and is often associated with hydronephrosis. Suppuration means the formation of pus. |
| Polycystic kidney disease (pol-ee-SIS-tick) (PKD) | a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys.These cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney function, which eventually leads to kidney failur |
| Renal colic (REE-nal KOLL-ick) | an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone). Colic means spasms of pain in the abdomen. Renal colic pain sometimes comes in waves due to the peristaltic movement of the ureters. |
| Renal cell carcinoma | the most common form of kidney cancer in adults. It can cause flank pain and blood in the urine, but is most commonly asymptomatic until the tumor has grown enough to impair kidney function. |
| Wilms tumor (VILMZ), nephroblastoma | also known as a nephroblastoma , is a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. There is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly. |
| stone, also known as a calculus | abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located. pass through the body unnoticed to stones the size of marbles that can become lodged, causing acute pain and urinary tract obstruction. |
| nephrolithiasis (nef-roh-lih-THIGH-ah-sis) | describes the presence of stones in the kidney . As these stones travel with the flow of urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged. |
| urinary tract obstruction | a blockage that prevents the flow of urine in one part of the urinary tract. Obstructions are named for their locations, and are commonly caused by stones, congenital abnormalities, or an enlarged prostate. |
| nephrolith | kidney stone or renal calculus |
| ureterolith | a stone located anywhere along the ureter |
| cystolith | a stone located within the urinary bladder |
| Vesicoureteral reflux | the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder. It is most common in infants and children |
| Cystocele- prolapsed bladder | a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall. This sometimes occurs as a result of pregnancy or childbirth. |
| Interstital cystitis | a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. The symptoms of this condition ore similar to those of cystitis; however, they do not respond to traditional treatment, Interstitial means relating to spaces within a tissue or organ. |
| Hydroureter | is the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because of a ureteral obstruction. Hydrometer always accompanies hydronephrosis |
| Ureteral obstruction | a blockage of one or both ureters. It can be due to congenital abnormality, a ureterolith, or other disorders. |
| Ureterorrhagia | the discharge of blood from the ureter. |
| Cystalgia/ cystodynia | mean pain in the bladder |
| vesicovaginal fistula | abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina |
| fistula | an abnormal passage between two internal organs. A vesicovaginal fistula may be caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgery like a hysterectomy. |
| Neurogenic bladder-neur/o (means nerve, and -genic means created by) | a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination. |
| Neuropathy | any disease or damage to a nerve |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia- benign prostatic hypertrophy or an enlarged prostate , | an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50 (Figure 10.9). This condition can make urination difficult and causes other urinary tract problems for men. |
| Hyperplasia | an increase in cell numbers typically associated with tumor growth; however, in this case, it is not caused by cancer or infection, |
| Prostatism | a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplaisa. This can produce difficulties with urination, including urinary retention. |
| Prostate cancer | one of the most common cancers among men, It can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body. |
| Prostatitis | a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland. |
| chronic nonbacterial prostatitis | most common type, with no single known cause. |
| Bacterial prostatitis | usually results from bacteria transported in the urine |
| Urethrorrhagia | bleeding from the urethra |
| urethrorrhea | an abnormal discharge from the urethra. This condition is associated with some sexually transmitted diseases, |
| Urethrostenosis | is narrowing of the urethra. This condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury. |
| Epispadias | a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male with epispadias, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. Females- the opening is in the region of the clitoris, |
| Hypospadias | a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. The male with hypospadias, the urethral opening is on the ventral surface (underside) of the penis. Female- opening into the vagina. |
| Urinary Tract Infections UTI | begins in the bladder. it can affect all the parts of the urinary system. Mostly caused by bacteria, often E.Coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra. Mostly woman due to the shortness of urethra, |
| Urosepsis | a life-threatening systemic bacterial infection that can occur when a urinary tract infection spreads to the kidneys. |
| recurrent urinary infection | cystitis that occurs two or more times in six months, or three times a year. This chronic bladder infection may require long-term daily antibiotic treatment, |
Created by:
beckyjo76
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