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Ch. 4-5
Ch. 4 Skeletal System and Ch.5 Muscular System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chir/o- | hand (R) |
| pract- | efficient, practical (R) |
| -ic | pertaining to (S) |
| chiropractic | Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system |
| -or | a doer (S) |
| chiropractor | Practitioner of chiropractic |
| cartilage | Nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints. Latin for gristle. |
| de- | from, out of (P) |
| toxi- | poison (R) |
| -fication | remove (S) |
| detoxification | Removing poison from a tissue or substance |
| ligament | Band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures. Latin for band or sheet. |
| muscle | A tissue consisting of cells that contract |
| muscul/o- | muscle (R) |
| skelet- | skeleton (R) |
| musculoskeletal | Pertaining to the muscles of the bony skeleton |
| orth/o | straight (R) |
| ped- | child (R) |
| orthopedic | Pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system; originally most deformities were treated in children |
| -ist | specialist (S) |
| orthopedist | Specialist of orthopedics |
| oste/o | bone (R) |
| calc- | calcium (R) |
| -in | chemical compound (S) |
| oesteocalcin | A hormone produced by bone cells |
| -pathy | disease (S) |
| osteopath | Practitioner of osteopathy |
| osteopathy | Medical practice based on maintaining the balance of the body |
| tendon | Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone. Latin for sinew. |
| cortex | Outer portion of an organ, such as a bone. Latin for bark. |
| -al | pertaining to (S) |
| cortic- | cortex (R) |
| cortical | Pertaining to a cortex |
| diaphysis | The shaft of the long bone. Greek for growing between. |
| epi- | upon, above (P) |
| physis- | growth |
| -ial | pertaining to (S) |
| epiphysis | Expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone to provide increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons. |
| -ial | pertaining to (S) |
| epiphysial | Pertaining to an epiphysis |
| Haversian canals | Vascular canals in bone. Named after an English physician. |
| marrow | Fatty, blood-forming tissue in the cavities of long bones |
| medulla | Central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex |
| -ary | pertaining to (S) |
| medullary | Pertaining to a medulla |
| peri- | around (P) |
| oste/o | bone (R) |
| -um | structure (S) |
| periosteum | Strong membrane surrounding a bone |
| periosteal | Pertaining to the periosteum |
| a- | without (P) |
| chondr/o | cartilage (R) |
| -plasia | formation (S) |
| achondroplasia | Condition with abnormal, early conversion of cartilage into bone, leading to dwarfism |
| -genesis | creation, formation (S) |
| imperfecta | Latin for unfinished |
| osteogenesis imperfecta | Inherited condition in which bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones. |
| -malacia | abnormal softness (S) |
| myel- | bone marrow (R) |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| -penia | deficient (S) |
| osteopenia | Decreased calcification of bone |
| -sis | condition (S) |
| por/o | opening (R) |
| osteoporosis | Condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, fragile, and more likely to fracture |
| rickets | Disease due to vitamin D deficiency, producing soft, flexible bones. Old English for to twist. |
| sarc- | flesh (R) |
| -oma | tumor, mass (S) |
| sarcoma | Malignant tumor originating in connective tissue |
| chondr/o | cartilage (R) |
| chondrosarcoma | Malignant tumor originating in cartilage cells |
| osteogenic sarcoma | Malignant tumor originating in bone-producing cells |
| callus | Bony tissue that forms at a fracture site early in healing. Latin for hard skin. |
| cancellous | Bone that has a spongy or lattice-like structure. Latin for lattice. |
| comminut- | break into pieces (R) |
| -ed | pertaining to (S) |
| comminuted | A fracture in which the bone is broken into peices. |
| hemat- | blood (R) |
| -oma | tumor, mass (S) |
| hematoma | Collection of blood that has escaped from blood vessels into tissue |
| cyte- | cell (R) |
| -blast | immature cell (S) |
| osteoblast | A bone-forming cell |
| osteocyte | A bone-maintaining cell |
| path/o | disease (R) |
| log- | to study (R) |
| -ic | pertaining to (S) |
| fract- | to break (R) |
| -ure | result of (S) |
| pathologic fracture | Fracture occurring at a site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer |
| cervic- | neck (R) |
| -al | pertaining to (S) |
| cervical | Pertaining to the neck region |
| coccyx | Small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column |
| foramen | An opening through a structure. Latin for an opening. |
| kyph/o | bent, humpback (R) |
| -osis | condition (S) |
| kyphosis | A normal posterior curve of the spine that can be exaggerated in disease |
| -tic | pertaining to (S) |
| kyphotic | Pertaining to or suffering from kyphosis |
| lumbar | The region of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis. Latin for loin. |
| sacrum | Segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis. Latin for sacred. |
| -al | pertaining to (S) |
| sacral | Pertaining to or in the region of the sacrum |
| scoli/o | crooked (R) |
| -osis | condition (S) |
| -tic | pertaining to (S) |
| scoliosis | An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column |
| scoliotic | Pertaining to or suffering from scoliosis |
| spine | Vertebral column or a short projection from a bone |
| spinal | Pertaining to the spine |
| vertebra (plural?) | One of the bones of the spinal column Plural - vertebrae |
| vertebral | Pertaining to a vertebra |
| whip- | to swing (R) |
| -lash | end of a whip (R) |
| whiplash | Symptoms caused by a sudden, uncontrolled extension, and flexion of the neck, often in an automobile accident |
| acromion | Lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint. Greek for tip of the shoulder |
| acromioclavicular | The joint between the acromion and the clavicle |
| articul- | joint (R) |
| -ate | composed of (S) |
| articulate | Two separate bones have formed a joint |
| -ation | process (S) |
| clavicle | Curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle. Latin for collarbone |
| clavicular | Pertaining to the clavicle |
| de- | change of (P) |
| form- | appearance, form (R) |
| -ity | condition (S) |
| deformity | A permanent structural deviation from the normal |
| dis- | apart, away from (P) |
| locat- | place (R) |
| -ion | action, condition (S) |
| dislocation | Completely out of joint |
| humerus | Single bone of the upper arm. Latin for shoulder. |
| pector- | chest (R) |
| pectoral | Pertaining to the chest |
| pectoral girdle | Incomplete bony ring that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton |
| scapula (plural?) | Shoulder blade Plural- scapulae |
| scapular | Pertaining to the shoulder blade |
| subluxation | An incomplete dislocation when some contact between the joint surfaces remains |
| sub- | under, below, slightly (P) |
| luxat- | dislocate (R) |
| -ion | action, condition (S) |
| aspiration | Removal by suction of fluid and gas from the body cavity. |
| bursa (plural?) | A closed sac containing synovial fluid. Latin for purse. Plural- bursae |
| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa. |
| capit/u | small head (R) |
| -lum | small structure (S) |
| capitulum | A small head or rounded extremity of a bone. |
| olecranon | Prominent, proximal extremity of ulna. Greek for point of elbow. |
| pronat- | bend down (R) |
| pronation | Process of lying face down or of turning a hand or foot with the volar (palm or sole) surface down. |
| prone | Lying face down, flat on your belly. Latin for lying down. |
| radius | The forearm bone on the thumb side. Latin for spoke of a wheel. |
| supinat- | bend backwards (R) |
| supination | Process of lying upwards or of turning a hand or foot so that the palm or sole is facing up. |
| trochle- | pulley (R) |
| trochlea | Smooth articular surface of bone on which another glides. Latin for pulley. |
| ulna | The medial and larger bone of the forearm. |
| arthr- | joint (R) |
| -itis | (S) |
| arthritis | Inflammation of a joint or joints |
| carpus | The eight carpal bones of the wrist. Greek for wrist. |
| carp- | wrist bones (R) |
| carpal | Pertaining to the wrist |
| meta- | after, subsequent to |
| metacarpal | The five bones between the carpus and the fingers |
| Colles fracture | Fracture of the distal radius at the wrist. Named after Irish surgeon Abraham Colles. |
| eponym | A procedure or a diagnosis with a name derived from the name of the person who discovered it or originated |
| Heberden node | Bony lump on the terminal phalanx of the fingers in osteoarthritis. Named after English physician William Heberden. |
| phalang/e | phalanx, finger or toe (R) |
| metacarpophalangeal | The joints between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges |
| osteoarthritis | Chronic inflammatory disease of joints |
| phalanx / phalanges | One of the bones of the digits (fingers or toes) |
| rheumat- | a flow (R) |
| -ism | condition (S) |
| rheumatism | Pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system |
| rheumatoid arthritis | Systemic disease affecting many joints |
| acetabulum | The cup-shaped cavity of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur to form the hi joint. Latin for vinegar cup. |
| femur | The thigh bone. Latin for thigh |
| ilium | Large wing-shaped bone at the upper and posterior part of the pelvis |
| ischium | Lower and posterior part of the hip bone |
| pelvis | Basin-shaped ring of bones, ligaments, and muscles at the base of the spine. Also, any basin-shaped cavity, like the pelvis of the kidney |
| pubis | Alternative name for the pubic bone |
| sacroiliac joint | The joint between the sacrum and the ilium |
| symphysis (plural?) | Two bones joined together by fibrocartilage; in this case, the two pubic bones Plural- symphyses |
| -desis | to fuse together (S) |
| arthrodesis | Fixation or stiffening of a joint by surgery |
| brace | Appliance to support a part of the body in its correct position. Old English for fasten |
| diastasis | Separation of normally joined parts. Greek for seperation |
| radi/o | radiation, X-rays (R) |
| radiology | The study of medical imaging |
| stable | Steady, not varying. Latin for steady |
| -ize | action (S) |
| stabilize | To make or hold firm and steady. |
| -plasty | reshaping by surgery (S) |
| arthroplasty | Surgery to repair, as far as possible, the function of a joint |
| avascular | Without a blood supply |
| labrum | Cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the hip joint. Latin for lip-shaped |
| necrosis | Pathological death of cells or tissue |
| prosthesis | An artificial part to remedy a defect in the body |
| co- | together (P) |
| collateral | Situated at the side, often to bypass an obstruction |
| cruciate | Shaped like a cross. In this case, the two internal ligaments of the knee joint cross over each other to form an "X". Latin for cross |
| fibula | The smaller of the two bones of the lower leg. Latin for clasp or buckle |
| meniscus (plural?) | Disc pf cartilage between the bones of a joint, in this case, the knee joint Plural- menisci |
| patella (plural?) | Thin, circular bone in the front of the knee joint, embedded in the patellar tendon. Latin for small plate Plural- patellae |
| rupture | Break or tear of any body part. Latin for break |
| tibia | The larger bone of the lower leg. Latin for large shinbone |
| -centesis | puncture (S) |
| arthrocentesis | Aspiration of fluid from a joint |
| -graphy | process of recording (S) |
| arthography | X-ray of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium into the joint |
| -scopy | the process of using an instrument to examine visually (S) |
| arthroscopy | Visual examination of the interior of a joint |
| arthroscope | Endoscope used to examine the interior of a joint |
| bursa | A closed sac containing synovial fluid. Latin for purse |
| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa |
| de- | removal, out of (P) |
| bride- | rubble, rubbish (R) |
| -ment | action (S) |
| debridement | The removal of injured or necrotic tissue |
| hyper- | excessive (P) |
| flex- | bend (R) |
| -ion | action, condition (S) |
| hyperflexion | Flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits |
| -ectomy | surgical excision (S) |
| meniscectomy | Excision of all or part of the meniscus |
| prepatellar | In front of the patella |
| tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon |
| bunion | A swelling at the base of the big toe. French for bump |
| calcaneus | Bone of the tarsus that forms the heel. Latin for heel |
| -eal | pertaining to (S) |
| calcaneal | Pertaining to the calcaneus |
| hallux | big to (R) |
| valgus | turn out (R) |
| hallux valgus | Deviation of the big toe toward the medial side of the foot |
| meta- | after, subsequent to (P) |
| tars- | ankle |
| -us | pertaining to |
| metatarsus | The five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and the phalanges |
| pod- | foot (R) |
| -iatry | treatment (S) |
| podiatry | The diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot |
| podiatrist | Practitioner of podiatry |
| Pott fracture | Fracture of the lower end of the fibula, often with fracture of the tibial malleolus. Named after London surgeon Percival Pott |
| talus | The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint. Latin for heel bone |
| tarsus | The collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and instep. Latin for ankle |
| phon- | sound (R) |
| biphosphonate | A class of drugs used to prevent and treat fragile bones |
| gluc- | sugar, glucose (R) |
| -ose | full of (S) |
| glucose | The final product of carbohydrate digestion and the main |
| incision | A cut or surgical wound |
| radiotherapy | Treatment using radiation |
| active | Causing action or change. Latin for movement |
| -ity | condition, state (S) |
| activity | he state of being active |
| con | with, together (P) |
| -tract | draw (R) |
| contract | Draw together or shorten |
| fiber | A strand or filament |
| multi- | many (P) |
| disciplin- | instruction (R) |
| -ary | pertaining to (S) |
| multidisciplinary | Involving health care providers from more than one profession |
| muscle | A tissue consisting of cells that can contract |
| passive | Not active. Latin for endure |
| peri- | around (P) |
| -stalsis | constrict (R) |
| peristalsis | Waves of alternate constriction and relaxation in a tube |
| skeletal | Pertaining to the skeleton |
| tone | Tension present in resting muscles |
| volut- | free will |
| voluntary muscles | muscle that is under control of the will |
| a- | without (P) |
| -trophy | nourishment |
| atrophy | The wasting away or diminished volume of tissue, an organ, or a body part |
| hyper- | above, excessive (P) |
| hypertrophy | Increase in size, but not in number, of an individual tissue element |
| fascia | Sheet of fibrous connective tissue |
| fibr/o | fiber (R) |
| my- | muscle (R) |
| -algia | pain (S) |
| fibromyalgia | Pain in the muscle fibers |
| sprain | A wrench or tear in a ligament |
| strain | Overstretch or tear in a muscle or tendon |
| tendon | Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone |
| anti- | against (P) |
| metabol- | change (R) |
| -ite | pertaining to (S) |
| antimetabolite | A substance that replaces or inhibits a specific part of a cell's normal metabolism |
| -ure | result of (S) |
| contracture | Muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis |
| cortic/o | from the cortex (R) |
| corticosteroid | A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex |
| dys- | bad, difficult (P) |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | A condition with symmetrical weakness and wasting of pelvic, shoulder, and proximal limb muscles. Named after Guillaume Benjamin Duchenne |
| suppress- | press under (R) |
| immunosuppressive | Substance that causes failure of the immune system |
| -ive | nature of |
| -in | substance |
| myoglobin | Protein of muscle that stores and transports oxygen |
| rhabd/o | rod-shaped (R) |
| -lysis | destruction (S) |
| rhabdomyolysis | Destruction of muscle to produce myoglobin |
| -pathy | disease (S) |
| myopathy | Any disease of the muscle |
| statinç | A class of drug used to lower blood cholesterol levels |
| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath |
| -ectomy | surgical excision (S) |
| thymectomy | Surgical removal of the thymus gland |
| ambulat- | walking (R) |
| -ory | having the function of (S) |
| ambulatory | Surgery or any other care provided without an overnight stay in a medical facility |
| insert- | pull together (R) |
| -ion | action, condition (S) |
| insertion | Attachment of a muscle to a more moveable part of the skeleton, as distinct from the orgin |
| orgin | Fixed source of a muscle at its attachment to bone |
| pectoral | Pertaining to the chest |
| pectoral girdle | Incomplete bony ring that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton |
| rotator cuff | Part of the capsule of the shoulder joint |
| -or | one who does (S) |
| -ceps | head (R) |
| brachi/i | of the arm (R) |
| biceps brachii | A muscle of the arm that has two heads or points of orgin on the scapula |
| -alis | pertaining to (S) |
| brachialis | Muscle that lies underneath the biceps and is the strongest flexor of the forearm |
| radi- | radius (R) |
| brachioradialis | Muscle that helps flex the arm |
| delt- | triangle (R) |
| -oid | resembling (S) |
| deltoid | Large, fan-shaped muscle connecting the scapula and the clavicle to the humorous |
| dorsum | The back of any part of the body, including the hand |
| ventr- | belly (R) |
| dors- | back (R) |
| ventral | Pertaining to the belly or situated nearer to the surface of the belly |
| ganglion | Fluid-containing swelling attached to the synovial sheath of the tendon. Greek for swelling |
| latiss- | wide (R) |
| dorsi | of the back (R) |
| -imus | most (S) |
| latissimus dorsi | The widest (broadest) muscle in the back |
| stenosis | Narrowing of a passage. Greek for narrowing |
| thenar | palm (R) |
| thenar eminence | The fleshy mass at the base of the thumb |
| hypothenar eminence | The fleshy mass at the base of the little finger |
| triceps brachii | Muscle of the arm that has three heads or points of orgin |
| ab- | away from (P) |
| duct- | lead (R) |
| -ion | process, action (S) |
| abduction | Action of moving away from the midline |
| ad- | toward (P) |
| -or | that which does something (S) |
| adductor | Muscle that moves the thigh toward the midline |
| calcaneus | The heel bone |
| -eal | pertaining to (S) |
| calcaneal tendon | The tendon of the heel formed from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and inserted into the calcaneus. Also known as Achilles tendon |
| gastrocnem- | calf of the leg (R) |
| -ius | pertaining to (S) |
| gastrocnemius | Major muscle in the back of the lower leg |
| gluteus | Refers to one of the three muscles of the buttocks |
| maximus | Gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the body, covering a large portion of each buttock |
| medius | Gluteus medius is partially covered by the maximus |
| minimus | Gluteus minimus is the smallest of the gluteal muscles and lies under the medius |
| poplit/e | ham, back of the knee (R) |
| popliteal fossa | The hollow at the back of th eknee |
| quadriceps femoris | An anterior thigh muscle with four heads |
| assistive device | Tool, software, or hardware to assist in preforming daily activities |
| occupational therapy | Use of work and recreational activities to increase independent function |
| orthot- | correct (R) |
| orthotic | Orthopedic appliance to correct an abnormality |
| phys- | nature |
| -iatr | treatment (R) |
| physiatry | Physical medicine |
| physical medicine | Diagnosis and treatment by means of remedial agents, such as exercise, manipulation, heat, etc |
| physic- | body (R) |
| physical therapy | Use of remedial processes to overcome a physical defect |
| physiotherapy | Another term for physical therapy |
| habilitat- | restore (R) |
| rehabilitation | Therapeutic restoration of an ability to function as before |
| therapy | Systematic treatment of a disease, disfunction, or disorder |
| therapeutic | Relating to the treatment of a disease or disorder |
| therapist | Professional trained in the practice of a particular therapy |
| amput- | prune (R) |
| -ation | process (S) |
| amputation | Removal of a limb, part of a limb, or other projecting body part |
| contracture | Muscle shortening due to a spasm or fibrosis |
| -ure | result of (S) |
| prevention | Process to prevent occurence of a disease or health problem |
| prosthesis | An artificial part to remedy a defect in the body |
| -ative | quality of (S) |
| restorative rehabilitation | Therapy that promotes renewal of health and strength |
Created by:
Adam Smi.
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