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A&P I Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a tissue? | A collection of cells working together to perform specific functions. (Organs: Heart, Liver) |
| Know the four major types of tissue in the human body and their general functions | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural |
| What are the unique characteristics of epithelial tissues? | Covers exposed surfaces, Lines internal passageways, Forms glands, High cellularity, basement membrane |
| What are the functions and specializations of epithelial tissue? | Physical protection, Control permeability, sensation, glands/ Move fluids over & through, Produce secretions |
| apical surface | Exposed surface. Villi (absorb or secrete), Cilia (move fluid) |
| basal surface | Non-exposed surface. Attach to basement membrane |
| Know the three most common types of cell junctions and their functions | Tight, Gap, Desmosomes |
| How are lost epithelial cells replaced? | Division of stem cells found near the basement membrane |
| What are stem cells? | Cells that divide rapidly |
| What are the different shapes the epithelial cells can have? | Squamous: Thin & Flat/ Cuboidal: Square shaped/ Columnar: Tall, slender rectangels |
| What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia? | Simple: Single layer of cells/ Stratified: Several layers of cells |
| What is the difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland? | Exocrine: Produces secretions on E surfaces/through ducts Endocrine: Produces hormones into bloodstream. No ducts |
| What are the three modes of glandular secretion and how do they differ? | Merocrine: Released by vesicles/ Apocrine: Released by shedding cytoplasm/ Holocrine: Cells bursting, killing gland cells |
| What is the only type of unicellular gland? | Mucous(goblet) cells. Scattered among epithelia |
| What are the three main components of connective tissues? | Specialized cells, fibers, Ground substance |
| What components of connective tissue make up the matrix? | Extracellular components (fibers & ground substance) |
| What are the functions of connective tissues? | Structural framework. Transports fluids and disolved mats, protects delicate organs, storing energy reserves, defends from microorganisms |
| What are the three classifications of connective tissues? What are the general functions of each? | Connective proper: Connect and protect/ Fluid: Transport mats/ Supporting: Structural strength |
| What are the two major categories of connective tissue proper and what are their characteristics? | Loose: More ground substance, fewer fibers/ Dense: More fibers, less ground substance |
| Know each of the cell types found in connective tissue proper and their functions. | Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, lymphocytes, melanocytes, mesenchymal cells, macrophages, microphages, mast cells |
| What are the three types of extracellular fibers and how do they differ? | Collagen, Reticular, Elastic fibers |
| What is ground substance? | Colorless, clear, viscous liquid that fills spaces btwn cells and slows pathogen movement. |
| What is the function of ground substance? | Fills space between cells and slows pathogen movement. |
| What are the characteristics of fluid connective tissues? | Blood & lymph/ Carry specific cell types (formed elements) |
| What are the two types of fluid connective tissue? | Blood: Contains Erythrocytes & Leukocytes Lymph: Extra cellular fluid collected from interstitial space |
| Know the two types of supporting connective tissue and their functions. | Fluid Tissue Transport System: Cardi system (blood) ex. arteries, capillaries, veins Lymphatic system: Lymphatic vessels |
| What are the cells of cartilage called? Where do they exist? | Chondrocytes/ Exist in chambers called lacunae |
| What two characteristics of bone make it particularly strong? | Calcified crystals/ flexible collagen fibers woven throughout bone tissue |
| What two types of tissue combine to form membranes? | Epithelium/ connective tissue |
| What are the four types of membranes? | Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, and Synovial membrane |
| What are fasciae? | Body's framework of connective tissue. Layers and wrappings that support/ surround organs |
| Muscle is specialized for | Contraction |
| Neural tissue is specialized for sending and receiving __________ by conducting electrical impulses. | Messages |
| Be able to identify neural tissue from a picture, drawing, or description. | |
| Know the cell types found in nervous tissue. | Neurons/ Neuroglia |
| What is inflammation? | Brings blood and other resources to injury site for more rapid healing. |
| What are some signs and symptoms of inflammation in tissue? | Swelling, redness, heat, pain |
| What is necrosis? | Tissue destruction |
| What type of cells release the warning chemical histamine and heparin to promote inflammation? | Mast cells |
| What is the benefit of the body bringing more blood to an injury site? | Incr blood circul in are/ warmth & redness/ brings more nutrients & oxygen to area/ removes waste |
| What is regeneration? | New cells migrate to area and divide to replace lost cells. |
| How is scar tissue formed? | Fibroblast move to necrotic area and lay down collagen fibers |
| What types of tissues regenerate well? | Epithelia and connective tissues |
| What types do not regenerate well? | Cardiac cells and neurons |
| Tight Junctions | Btwn 2 plasma membranes. Adhesion belt attaches to cytoskeleton. Prevents passage of substances through the cell |
| Gap Junctions | Allow rapid comm via ion mvmnt. Held together by channel proteins that allow ions to pass. |
| Desmosomes | Tie cells together while allowing bending/twisting. Hemidesmosomes, Adherens. |
| What are the four types of membranes and their functions? | Mucous membrane: Line passageways, has external connections. In digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts |
| What are the four types of membranes and their functions? | Serous membrane: Lines cavities not open to the outside. Thin & strong. Transudate fluid to reduce friction. Parietal covers cavity & visceral covers organs. |
| What are the four types of membranes and their functions? | Cutaneous membrane: Skin surface of the body. Thick, waterproof and dry |
| What are the four types of membranes and their functions? | Synovial membrane: Line moving join cavities/ protects ends of bones. Synovial fluid (lubricant) |
| Lamina propria | Layer of areolar tissue below epithelium |
| Collagen Fibers | Most common/ Long, straight, unbranched/ Resist force in one direction. ex: tendons and ligaments |
| Reticular Fibers | Network of interwoven fibers/ Resist force in many directions/ stabilize functional cells & structures. ex: sheaths around organs |
| Elastic Fibers | Elastin/ Branched & wavy/ Returns to original length after stretching. ex: elastic ligaments of vertebrae |
| Fibroblasts | Most abundant cell type in all connective tissue proper. Secretes collagen fibers and hyaluronan |
| Fibrocytes | 2nd most abundant found in all connective tissue proper. Maintains the fibers of connective tissue proper. |
| Adipocytes | Fat cells. Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet. |
| Mesenchymal Cells | Stem cells, responds to injury/ infection. Differentiate into other types of cells. |
| Macrophages | Large, amoeba-like cells of immune system. Eat pathogens and damaged cells. |
| Mast Cells | Stimulate inflammation after injury/ infection by releasing histamine and heparin |
| Lymphocytes | Specialized immune cells in the lymphatic system |
| Microphages | Eat debris and pathogens |
| Melanocytes | Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin |
| Tight Junctions | Btwn two plasma membranes. Adhesion belt attch to cytoskeleton. Prevents passages of substances. |
| Gap Junctions | Rapid communication via ion mvmnt. held together by channel proteins that allow ions to pass. |
| Desmosomes | Tie cells together while allowing bending and twisting. |
| Exocrine | Produces secretions on E surfaces/through ducts |
| Endocrine | Produces hormones into bloodstream. No ducts |
Created by:
ClintonPerdue
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