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BIO 435
Neuroanatomy
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Describe the three planes of the brain | 1. coronal = cross section from the dorsal (top of brain) to the ventral (bottom of the brain) 2. sagittal = cut vertically down the entire length of the brain 3. horizontal = cut horizontal across the brain | |
| Define ipsilateral | When speaking about something on the brain in regards to something else, this is on the same side as the area you are talking about | |
| Define contralateral | On the opposite side of the brain area that you are looking at | |
| What is white matter? | White matter is myelinated neurons | |
| What is gray matter? | non-myelinated components | |
| What are ways that the brain areas are separated? | Based on how they look compared to neighboring cells (differences in size, shape, NTs content, and function) | |
| What are two types of cytoarchitecture? | 1. Golgi stain 2. Nissl stains | |
| What are the two mechanisms that can be used to determine NTs distribution in the brain areas? | 1. Immunocytochemistry 2. In situ hybridization | |
| What are the benefits of Nissl? Disadvantages? | Nissl stain used to visualize all neurons and some of the glia so you are able to see cytoarchitecture. However, you can only see the cell body of the neuron | Useful to distinguish between neurons and glia and study the arrangement of neurons in different parts of the body |
| What are the benefits of Golgi stain? Disadvantages? | The Golgi stain allows you to see everything inside of neuron and some glia however you are only able to see about 10% of the cells that are labeled. | |
| What are three ways to examine the function of brain areas? | 1. Lesion 2. Stimulation = stimulate cells in a small brain area 3. Examine the postmortem tissue from diseased pateints | |
| What are the three divisions of the brain? | 1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain | |
| What constitutes the forebrain? | cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus | |
| What constitutes the hindbrain? | pons, medulla, and cerebellum | |
| What constitutes the brainstem? | midbrain, pons, and medulla | |
| What are brain divisions based on? | Fetal development | |
| Describe the cortex | - very thin outer layer of the brain - bumps | |
| What do the gyri and sulci of the cortex allow for? | Increased brain surface area | |
| What is the occipital lobe responsible for? | vision | |
| What are the three strips that the temporal lobe is divided into? | 1. superior temporal lobe (at the top) 2. medial temporal lobe 3. inferior temporal lobe | |
| What is the superior temporal lobe responsible for? | The superior temporal lobe is the site of auditory processes and includes the Wernicke's area (important for language development) | |
| What is the medial temporal lobe responsible for? | memory formation (along with the hippocampus that is also in the forebrain) | |
| What is the inferior temporal lobe responsible for? | complex visual processing | |
| What would happen if there was damage to the inferior temporal lobe? | The person would have difficulties recognizing people's faces, colors, and other troubles with visual recognition | |
| What are the 3 parts of the frontal lobe? | 1. motor cortex 2. premotor cortex 3. prefrontal cortex | |
| Describe the motor cortex | involved in generating motor commands and contains neurons that activate muscle contractions | |
| Describe the premotor cortex | plans out movements before they occur | |
| Describe the prefrontal cortex | critical for decision making, planning, social judgement, and motivation | |
| What part of the frontal cortex is the largest | prefrontal cortex | |
| What are the two parts of the parietal lobe? | 1. primary somatosensory cortex 2. sensory integrate (integrates from all of the senses) | |
| What is the primary somatosensory cortex responsible for? | processes somatosensory information such as touch, pain, and temperature | |
| Describe Brodmann's Areas | cytoarchitectural organization of the neocortex; each area of the cortex is given a number and hypothesizes that each area of the brain that look different perform different functions; used Nissl and Golgi stains | |
| Define differentiation | the process by which structures become more complex and functionally specialized during development | |
| What is the brain derived from? | The three primary vesicles of the neural tube | |
| What is the commissural tract? | connects the two hemispheres of the brain; the corpus callosum is a type of commissural tract | |
| Describe the corpus callosum | a portion of the brain that is continuous with the cortical white matter and forms an axonal bridge that links cortical neurons of the two cerebral hemispheres | |
| How many layers of the cortex are there? | 6 | |
| What properties of the cortex layers can differ? | -different types of neurons -different neuron sizes -the neurons receive and send different information | |
| Describe what the basal ganglia does | The basal ganglia is responsible for motor control and motor learning. Motor control includes the start and stop of movement and suppresses movements that you don't want to happen. | |
| What conditions/diseases will occur if the basal ganglia is disrupted? | 1. Parkinson's disease (part of the basal ganglia is damaged and makes it hard to start movements) 2. Huntington's disease (the person has uncontrolled movements) | |
| What is the limbic system responsible for? | emotional regulation and mood | |
| What two brain components are part of the limbic system? | -hippocampus -amygdala | |
| What is the hippocampus responsible for? | The hippocampus is responsible for spatial navigation, learning and memory; it has many connections with the hippocampus | |
| What is the amygdala responsible for? | emotional memory, social behavior | |
| Describe the thalamus | The thalamus is composed of a number of subnuclei and relays sensory information to the correct part of the cortex | |
| Describe the hypothalamus | The hypothalamus contains many divisions that each have their own role. The hypothalamus regulates numerous body functions such as hormone secretion, body temperature, hunger, thirst, libido, blood pressure, and circadian rhythms | |
| What parts of the midbrain are responsible for auditory and visual reflexes? | the superior and inferior colliculi | |
| What are other responsibilities of the midbrain? | movement regulation and pain processing | |
| What does the pons in the hindbrain connect? | The pons connects the cortex to the spinal cord and the cortex to the cerebellum. | |
| What is the only way to connect the cerebellum to the cortex? | Via the pons | |
| What is the pons responsible for? | The pons regulates breathing (helps speed up or slow down breathing depending on the circumstances) sleep, swallowing, and bladder control | |
| Describe the connections of the medulla of the hindbrain | The medulla contains sensory and motor tracts running between the cortex and the spinal cord | |
| What is the medulla responsible for? | regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting | |
| How does the medulla regulate breathing? | The medulla contains neurons that initiate diaphragm contraction, so if the medulla is damaged the person will stop breathing. | |
| What is the Reticular Formation? | The reticular formation is a web of cell bodies throughout the brainstem | |
| What functions of the brainstem are regulated by the reticular formation? | - rhythmic coordination of breathing and swallowing - cardiovascular control - sleep and concious | |
| What part of the brain contains more than half of the neurons in the body? | the cerebellum | |
| What is the cerebellum responsible for? | The cerebellum is involved in balance, coordination (creates smooth movements), motor learning (complex motor learning like learning an instrument | |
| Does the spinal cord continue to grow as you age? | No, there is not much neuronal proliferation after birth therefore the size of the spinal cord remains the same | |
| What is the spinal cord connecting? | the brain and the periphery nervous system | |
| What part of the spinal cord carries sensory information from the brain? | dorsal | |
| What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain? | ventral and lateral part | |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs | |
| In what regions of spinal cord are extra neurons needed to control the arms and legs? | cervical and lumbar | |
| What is the cauda equina (horse's tail)? | collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal | |
| What type of fluid does the ventricular system contain? | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | |
| What is the purpose of CSF? | Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through and around the brain and spinal cord in order to cushion and physically protect the central nervous system while also taking away metabolic waste. | |
| Describe the meninges | Three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. These 3 layers include 1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater | |
| Describe the dura mater layer of the meninges | The dura mater is a tough outercovering for protection | |
| Describe the arachnoid mater and subarachnoid space of the meninges | This membrane and space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid for cushioning | |
| Describe the pia mater layer of the meninges | The pia mater is the most fragile layer that separates the neurons from the cerebrospinal fluid and surrounds the brain | |
| Why is the brain able to facilitate a higher metabolic rate and monitor the blood components? | Because the brain is highly vascularized | |
| Describe how there is redundancy in the vascularization of the brain? | Inside the brain, there is both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries that deliver blood to the heart. If one of these arteries becomes blocked, blood is still able to reach the heart. | |
| Describe the blood brain barrier (BBB) | this is a tight junction of epithelial cells lining blood vessels that prevents most pathogens from entering the neuron system and allows only small molecules to pass through | |
| What are the 2 components of the peripheral nervous system? | 1. somatic (conscious) 2. autonomic (unconscious) | |
| What type of information is transferred in the somatic nervous system? | Sensory and motor information is transferred between the central nervous system and the sensory receptor muscles | |
| What is included in the autonomic nervous system? | the sympathetic, the parasympathetic, and the enteric nervous system | |
| What type of neurons does everything below the neck use? | Sensory and motor neurons | |
| What type of nerves control the head and the neck | cranial nerves | |
| What is the sympathetic nervous system? | "Fight or flight" Blood pressure/heart rate increase, digestive slowing, relaxes bladder, dilates pupils, constricts blood vessels, stimulates orgasm | |
| What is the parasympathetic nervous system? | "Rest and digest" Blood pressure/heart rate decrease, digestive increases, stimulates sexual arousal, constricts pupils, | |
| What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for? | Regulates heart rate, respiration, digestion, perspiration, sexual arousal |
Created by:
keiannaowens
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