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Anatomy Exam 2
Nervous, Blood, & Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of blood? | transports substances throughout the body |
| Nervous System | controls & coordinates functions of the body |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) Function | interprets sensory input & dictates motor output |
| Where is the Central Nervous System (CNS) located? | Brain & Spinal Cord |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | control center |
| Where is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) located? | nerves outside of CNS |
| What are the two divisions in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? | - sensory - motor |
| Where is the sensory division? | PNS |
| Sensory Division | carries info to CNS (sensory receptor) |
| Where is the motor division? | PNS |
| Motor Division | carries info away to CNS (effector/response) |
| What two fibers are in the sensory? | - Somatic Sensory Fibers - Visceral (organs) Sensory Fibers |
| Somatic Sensory Fibers | conveys signals from skin, muscles, & joints to CNS |
| Visceral Sensory Fibers | conveys signals from organs to CNS (bladder, cramps) |
| What are the two systems in the motor? | - Somatic Nervous System - Autonomic Nervous System |
| What does the motor do in the PNS? | transmits signals from CNS to effector organs |
| Somatic Nervous System | voluntary muscle control |
| Autonomic Nervous System | involuntary muscle control |
| What is a neuron? | Structural unit of nervous system |
| What is a neuron's function? | highly specialized cell that conducts electrical impulses |
| What are the features of a neuron? | - extreme longevity - can't divide - high metabolic rate |
| What is the cell body? | main part of the cell, has the nucleus & most organelles |
| What is an axon? | long, slender extensions that send info away from the cell body |
| What is a dendrite? | small, slender extensions that receive incoming info |
| Myelin Sheath? | a white, fatty-protein that surrounds most axons |
| What is Myelin? | insulates axons to speed up AP transmissions |
| What is a synapse? | space between 2 neurons where neurotransmitters travel |
| Why would endurance athletes want more RBCs? | More oxygen --> muscles produce more ATP |
| What is electrical communication? | the movement of ions across a cell membrane |
| What do neurons generate and transmits? | Action Potential (AP) |
| What is AP to the nervous system? | The primary mean of communication in the nervous system |
| What causes action potential? | Na+ & K+ moving across the neuron cell membrane |
| How is an electrical impulse generated in a neuron? | Na+ moves in, causing resting potential to rise and become positive, then K+ moves out, causing a neuron to return to its resting potential by removing Na+ & returning K+ |
| What is synaptic transmission? | sending a signal from presynaptic (releasing) neuron to a postsynaptic (receiving) target |
| What are the four steps to a synaptic transmission? | Ap will go to a neuron axon (presynaptic) which causes the release of neurotransmitters, which bind to receptors on the target membrane (postsynaptic) causing an action potential |
| What effect will a neurotransmitter have on the post synaptic cell? | It depends on the type of neurotransmitter & receptor |
| What does an excitatory neurotransmitter do? | Causes an AP (on switch) |
| What does an inhibitory neurotransmitter do? | Prevents an AP (off switch) |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | excitatory, stimulates muscles to contract |
| Serotonin | typically inhibitory, involved in mood, sleep, & appetite |
| Dopamine | both (excitatory/inhibitory), plays a role in emotions, pleasure, feeling good |
| Glutamate | Major excitatory signal in CNS |
| GABA | Major inhibitory signal in CNS |
| What are nerves? | Axons of many neurons wrapped together in a protective sheath |
| Where can you find sensory receptors? | Throughout periphery (skin, muscles, organs) |
| Mechanoreceptors | touch, pressure, vibration |
| Thermoreceptors | temperature |
| Photoreceptors | light/vision |
| Chemoreceptors | smell/taste and blood chemistry |
| Nociceptors | pain, extremity of other receptors |
| Sympathetic Division | allows body to respond to emergencies, excitement, exercise, & embarrassment |
| What response does the Sympathetic Division produce? | fight-or-flight response |
| What does the Sympathetic Division do to the body? | - increases heart rate & respiration - raises blood pressure - dilates pupils - slows digestion & urine production |
| Parasympathetic Division | maintains homeostasis & conserves energy |
| What response does the Parasympathetic Division produce? | rest-and-digest response |
| What does the Parasympathetic Division do to the body? | - lowers heart rate & respiration - increases digestion |
| How do Sympathetic & Parasympathetic interact? | Their effects oppose one another |
| Protective features of the brain & spinal cord | - bone - meninges - cerebrospinal fluid - blood-brain barrier |
| How do bones protect the CNS? | skull & vertebrae |
| How do meninges protect the CNS? | protective membranes (connective tissue) |
| How does cerebrospinal fluid protect the CNS? | bathes the brain & spinal cord to absorb shock |
| How does the blood-brain barrier protect the CNS? | prevents substances from passing between blood --> brain |
| Cerebellum | balance, coordination, sequence movements |
| Cerebrum | deals w/ higher brain functions like language, decision making, conscious thought |
| Thalamus | receiving, processing, & transferring center from spinal cord to cerebrum |
| Hypothalamus | regulation of homeostasis |
| Medulla | controls vital automatic functions of internal organs (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure) |
| Corpus Callosum | Connects the two hemispheres of the brain |
| Reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus mediated by spinal cord, w/ little brain involvement |
| Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals belong to the [BLANK] division of the nervous system | Sensory (afferent) |
| The space between a presynaptic cell & postsynaptic cell is called? | synaptic cleft |
| Does the nervous system uses electrical and chemical communication? | Yes |
| Does the myelin insulate neurons & speed up action potentials? | Yes |
| Do neurotransmitters always have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic cell? | False |
| Are action potentials caused by neurotransmitters crossing the cell membrane | False, it's ions |
| Do the dendrites of a neuron receive information from a neighboring cell? | Yes |
| The autonomic nervous system is a part of the [BLANK] division | motor |
| What is resting potential? | An unstimulated cell, waiting for AP, voltage is negative |
| What happens during depolarization? | Na+ moves into the cell, beginning of AP, makes it positive |
| What happens during repolarization? | K+ moves out of the cell (more negative) |
| Relate the function of the nervous system to its structure | function = controls & coordinates the body structure = neurons, excitable cells that generate and send APs rapidly |
| Name 2 places in the body that send sensory information to the brain | fingers/skin --> thalamus or parietal lobe |
| Why do reflexes NOT involve the brain? | very rapid response, no time to travel to brain, instead initiated by spinal cord |
| The sensory cortex is located in the [BLANK] | cerebrum |
| What is involved in sleep/wake cycles? | Midbrain |
| What receptors match with burning your tongue on hot coffee? | thermo & chemo |
| What receptors match with entering a dark room & feeling for a light switch? | photo & mechano |
| What receptors match w/ eating a spicy meal? | chemo & nociceptor |
| What receptors match w/ tripping on a toy? | nociceptors & mechano |
| A stroke in the right side of the motor cortex would impair an individual's ability to [BLANK] | voluntarily move the left side of their body |
| Antigen | A protein on the surface of RBCs that determines blood type |
| Erythropoietin | regulates RBCs/homeostasis |
| When is Erythropoietin released? | when the kidneys detect low blood oxygen |
| Where is Erythropoietin released? | In the kidneys |
| Functions of blood | - transports substances throughout the body (nutrients, hormones, waste products, immune cells, O2 & CO2) - helps regulate body temp & pH |
| What is blood composed of? | Connective tissue consisting of mostly plasma & formed elements |
| What substances are dissolved in plasma? | water, ions, proteins, nutrients & waste, gases, & hormones |
| Red Blood Cells | - transports oxygen & carbon dioxide - packed with hemoglobin |
| Hemoglobin | protein that transports oxygen |
| Special Feature of RBCs | - made from stem cells in red bone marrow - production controlled by erythropoietin |
| What does Erythropoietin cause? | production of RBCs in bone marrow |
| Why are RBCs short lived? | - dont have a nucleus, so once theyre worn out, theyre taken out of circulation |
| Why do our cells need oxygen? | Oxygen is needed to make energy, specifically ATP |
| Clotting proteins | Important to stop bleeding |
| Lipoproteins | transports fats in the bloodstream (HDL = good, LDL = bad) |
| Antibodies | defensive protein that tags foreign things in body for destruction |
| Plaelets | initiate the clotting process when blood vessels are injured |
| White Blood Cells | - regulate inflammatory reaction - protect from infection |
| Neutrophils | first responders, engulf pathogens/dead cells |
| Monocytes | engulf pathogens --> migrates into tissue --> macrophages |
| Lymphocytes | immune response, makes antibodies/memory cells |
| How does blood return to the heart through veins? | - contraction of skeletal muscles - venous valves prevent backward flow - pressure changes in chest cavity via breathing |
| Why do we have valves in the heart? | to prevent backward flow of blood |
| Anemia | too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin |
| Leukemia | blood cancer defined by excessive production of WBCs |
| How does the structure of blood help it fulfill its function? | Blood moves easily b/c its a liquid, so it can transport substances easily |
| Arteries | carries blood away from heart & transports it under high pressure |
| Artery Structure | thick-walled, 3 layers (connective, smooth, epithelial) |
| Veins | returns blood to heart; thin walled, very stretchy, contains deoxygenated blood |
| Capillaries | exchange of substances between blood and tissue (nutrients <--> wastes) |
| Capillary Structure | smallest, most delicate vessels; one cell layer thick (epithelial) |
| Arterioles | smallest arteries |
| Precapillary Sphincters | controls blood flow, redirecting it to/from organs depending on need |
| Precapillary Sphincter Structure | smooth muscle |
| Capillary Exchange | pushing fluid out (o2 & co2), absorbing fluid back in (waste) |
| Why are lymphatic vessels intertwined with capillary beds? | they take up any remaining fluid not reabsorbed by capillary |
| What are the internal chambers separated by? | Valves that flow blood through the RA/LA, then into the RV/LV |
| Pulmonary Circuit | lungs; low pressure |
| Systemic Circuit | rest of body; high pressure |
| What does the Pulmonary Circuit do? | receives deoxygenated blood, location of CO2 release & O2 pick up |
| What does the Systemic Circuit do? | receives oxygenated blood & delivers O2 to cells |
| Which side of the heart deals w/ oxygenated blood? | The left side |
| Which side of the heart deals w/ deoxygenated blood? | The right side |
| Why is the left side of the heart bigger than the right? | The left side pumps blood throughout the entire body at high pressures, its bigger because it needs to work harder |
| What is the purpose of coronary arteries? | Supply the myocardium (heart) with O2 & nutrients |
| What happens when the coronary arteries are blocked? | causes a lack of blood flow leading to the death of myocardium (heart attack) |
| Atrial Systole | contracts, then AV valves open, flowing blood into ventricles |
| Ventricular Systole | ventricles contract, pushing blood into pulmonary & systemic circuits |
| Diastole | relaxes atria & ventricles |
| What are the parts of the cardiac conduction system? | SA node, AV node, AV bundle & Purkinje fibers |
| What is the relationship between electrical stimulation & muscle contraction? | electrical stimulation occurs first & produces muscle contraction |
| Baroreceptors | pressure receptors in aorta & carotid arteries |
| What part of the brain receives/sends signals regarding changes in blood pressure? | Medulla |
| How do the heart and vessels respond to brain signals in order to change BP? | high bp: lowers heart rate & opens up vessels low bp: increases heart rate & narrows vessels |
| Hypertension | sustained elevation in blood pressure |
| Aneurysm | defect in arterial wall |
| Angina | sensation of pain/tightness in chest |
| Atherosclerosis | thickening & hardening of vessel wall |
| Stroke | interruption of blood supply to the brain |
| Myocardial Infarct | sudden death of myocardium due to blocked coronary arteries |
Created by:
Kolohegirl
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