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Cytology & Cells
Anatomy and Physiology chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Cell Theory | The cell is the basic unit of life; cell structure is dictated by internal structure |
| 3 basic parts of human cells | 1. Plasma Membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus |
| Plasma Membrane | Semipermeable membrane that separates ICF from ECF |
| Interstitial Fluid | Extracellular fluid that surrounds cells |
| Phospholipid bilayer | main structure of the cell membrane with hydroliphic phosphate heads and hydrophobic lipid tails |
| Fluid Mosaic Model (4) | 1. Phospholipid bilayer consists of hydroliphic phosphate heads and hydrophobic lipid tails 2. proteins and lipids are embedded in the bilayer 3. Carbohydrates attach to the outer surface 4. cytoskeleton attaches to the inner surface |
| Tight junction | prevents fluid and most molecules from moving between cells |
| Desmosome | "rivets" or "spot welds" that anchor cells together |
| Gap Junction | Transmembrane proteins form pores that allow ions or small molecules to pass from cell to cell |
| 2 ways to cross the plasma membrane | Passive transport & active transport |
| Passive transport | movement along the concentration gradient that doesn't require chemical energy |
| Active Transport | Movement against the concentration gradient that requires chemical (ATP) energy and a carrier protein; low concentration to high concentration |
| Diffusion | Spontaneous movement of molecules across the membrane from a high to low concentration |
| What is another term for active transport? | facilitated transport |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane through aquaporin protein channels or through the lipid bilayer |
| 3 solution concentrations for diffusion | Isotonic, Hypotonic, and hypertonic |
| Isotonic Solution | Solute is the same on both side of the membrane and cells are happy |
| Hypotonic solution | solute has lower concentration outside of the cells compared to inside (water moves in) and causes cells to burst |
| Hypertonic solution | solute has a higher concentration outside the cell compared to inside (water moves out) and causes cells to shrink |
| Vesicular transport | type of active transport where macromolecules are brought in or out of a cell within a vesicle so that it will not mix with cell components |
| Endocytosis | macromolecules brought into a cell |
| Phagocytosis | macromolecules brought into a cell |
| Exocytosis | macromolecules brought out of a cell |
| Metabolism | chemical reactions within the cell |
| catabolism | breaking down larger substances into smaller ones |
| anabolism | forming complex substances from a combination of simpler ones (requires energy) |
| chemical reactions | changes in the position of electrons surrounding the nucleus of atoms |
| pH scale | measures amount of free hydrogen ions in a solution |
| cytoplasm | everything within the cell membrane excluding the nucleus |
| cytosol | everything fluid (water and solutes) within the cell membrane excluding the nucleus and all other organelles |
| organelles | small structures in the cytoplasm having specific structures and functions |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a system of membranes continuous with the membrane of the nucleus |
| rough ER | studded with ribosomes; site of protein production |
| smooth ER | has several functions including control of lipid metabolism and calcium storage |
| ribosome | produces proteins; has 2 subunits |
| What are the two subunits of ribosomes | RNA & protein |
| Golgi complex | processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell |
| vacuole | membrane-bound sac, usually for storage |
| lysosome | membrane-bound vesicle containing acidic enzymes (acid hydrolase) for breaking down macromolecules |
| peroxisome | membrane-bound sac containing oxidase and catalase enzymes to detoxify harmful substances and neutralize free radicals |
| mitochondrion | double membrane-bound, has its own DNA and RNA, and produces ATP (energy) molecules during aerobic cellular respiration |
| What happens when oxygen runs out in a cell? | aerobic cellular respiration switches to anaerobic energy production (not as efficient) |
| cytoskeleton | internal framework of the cell, consisting of tubelike strands and fibers |
| Cilia | hairlike structures projecting form cell that move substances across cell surfaces |
| flagella | longer hairlike structures projecting from cell that propel whole cells (sperm) |
| centrioles | cylindrical organelles in base of cilium and flagellum; organize chromosomes during cell division |
| microvilli | fingerlike extensions if plasma membrane; increase surface area for absorption |
| nucleus | contains chromosomes and controls structure and function of a cell; surrounded by a double membrane barrier containing pores |
| nucleolus | dark-staining body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal (protein-producing) subunits |
| DNA & RNA are comprised of what 3 primary parts? | 1. Phosphate 2. pentose sugar 3. nitrogen-containing base |
| DNA pentose sugar | deoxyribose |
| RNA pentose sugar | ribose |
| DNA structure (3) | double helix, with paired nucleotide bases joined by hydrogen atoms, surrounded and attached to strands containing alternating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar |
| 5 nitrogen containing nucleotide bases | cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine |
| single-ring pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
| double-ring purines | adenine and guanine |
| DNA uses which 4 nucleotides? | adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine |
| RNA uses which 4 nucleotides? | adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine |
| which two pairs of nucleotides always go together? | A&T, and C&G |
| double hydrogen bond | adenine and thymine |
| triple hydrogen bond | cytosine and guanine |
| Transcription | the process of producing mRNA in the nucleus |
| Translation | the process of producing the protein at the ribosome according to the mRNA code |
| What process do DNA segments (genes) follow to code for protein production? (3) | 1. A gene's code is copied into a segment of messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome 3. protein is produced at the ribosome using the RNA code |
| what are the 4 stages of the cell cycle? | G1, S, G2, Mitosis & Cytokinesis |
| What stages collectively make up Interphase? | G1, S, and G2 |
| G1 stage | active growth and metabolism |
| S stage | DNA synthesis and duplication |
| G2 stage | synthesis of molecules in preparation for cell division |
| Mitotic Phase | mitosis and cytokinesis |
| what are the 2 steps in cell reproduction? | mitosis and cytokinesis |
| mitosis | division of cell's nuclear materials |
| cytokinesis | division of remaining cellular contents of the cytoplasm by cleavage furrow |
| chromatin | interphase chromosomes; diffuse, loosely scattered arrangement of chromosomes |
| What do chromosomes in mitosis look like? | highly condensed, coiled, and distinct |
| peripheral proteins | proteins that aren't embedded in the lipid bilayer |
| glycolipids | lipids and proteins with sugars attached |
| glycocalyx | the fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface |
| 3 types of passive transport | diffusion, facilitated division, and osmosis |
| simple diffusion | when substances fuse directly through the lipid bilayer |
| osmolarity | the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution |
| hydrostatic pressure | the back pressure of water against the cell wall |
| osmotic pressure | the tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis |
| transcytosis | moves substances into, across, then out of the cell |
| Prophase | chromosomes condense and organize, nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear; spindle apparatus is assembled and attached to centromeres of duplicated chromosomes |
| Metaphase | spindles line up duplicated chromosomes along equator of the cell, one spindle to each half (chromatid) of duplicated chromosomes |
| Anaphase | centromere of each duplicated chromosome is separated and paired chromatids are pulled apart |
| Telophase | chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear, cytokinesis (cytoplasm division occurs) and two genetically identical daughter cells are produced |
| pinocytosis | infolding plasma membrane surrounds a very small volume of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules |
| what is resting membrane potential? | -50 to -90 mV |
| inclusions | chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on cell type |
| cisterns | tubes and parallel sacs of the ER |
| which two enzymes do peroxisomes contain? | catalase and oxidase |
| endomembrane system | a system of organelles that work together to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules and degrade harmful substances |
| 3 rods in the cytoskeleton | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| motor proteins | move and reposition the organelles along microtubules |
| basal bodies | centrioles forming the bases of cilia and flagella |
| actin | forms filaments that provide cells with mechanical support and driving forces for movement |
| multinucleate | having many nuclei |
| antenucleate | cells cannot reproduce and live in the blood stream for only 4-5 months before they die |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane barrier separated by a fluid filled space |
| chromatin is composed of | DNA, histone proteins, and RNA chains |
| fundamental unit of chromatin | nucleosome |
| histone proteins | package and regulate DNA |
| where does intracellular digestion occur? | lysosomes |
| mit-osis | thread process |
| meiosis | production of sex cells |
| contractile ring | consists of actin filaments and draws plasma membrane in to form cleavage furrow |
Created by:
ojvalley
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