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NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTINUATION
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | -Innervates skeletal muscle |
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | -Innervates cardiac muscles |
| ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | unique subdivision of PNS |
| ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | it contains both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within digestive tract |
| CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | neurons/nerve cells glial cells/neuroglia |
| NERVE CELLS/NEURONS | receive stimuli, conduct action potentials & transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs. |
| GLIAL CELLS/NEUROGLIA | supportive cells of CNS & PNS |
| GLIAL CELLS/NEUROGLIA | do not conduct action potentials |
| GLIAL CELLS/NEUROGLIA | carry out different functions that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions |
| CELL BODY, DENDRITES & AXON | Three parts of neurons |
| CELL BODY | contains a nucleus and process stimulus |
| DENDRITES | extensions of the neuron cell body |
| DENDRITES | receive stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors |
| AXON | single long process |
| AXON | transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron |
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | -mostly under voluntary control |
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | -mostly under involuntary control |
| MYELIN SHEATHS | protective wrapping around axons of some neurons |
| MYELIN SHEATHS | it is formed by oligodendrocytes (CNS) & schwann cells (PNS) |
| MYELIN SHEATHS | serve as an insulator that prevents almost all ion movements across cell membrane |
| NODES OF RANVIER | gaps in the myelin sheaths |
| NODES OF RANVIER | it is where the ion movement occurs & action potential develops |
| GRAY MATTER | consists of groups of neuron cell bodies & their dendrites; where there is very little myelin |
| WHITE MATTER | consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths, which are whitish in color |
| CORTEX | located on the surface of brain |
| NUCLEI | clusters of gray matter located deeper within the brain |
| GANGLION | a cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS |
| NERVE TRACTS/CONDUCTION PATHWAYS | found in the CNS which propagate action potential from one area of the CNS to another |
| NERVES | bundles of axons located in the PNS |
| ELECTRICAL SIGNALS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM | includes the resting membrane potential, action potential, synapse, and reflexes |
| RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL | the point of equilibrium at which the tendency K+ to move down its concentration gradient out of the cells |
| RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL | is balanced by the negative charge within the cell |
| RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL | tends to attract the K+ back to the cell |
| 3 MAIN FACTORS OF RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL | 1. a high concentration of K+ immediately inside the cell membrane 2. a higher of NA+ immediately outside the cell membrane 3. greater permeability of the cell membrane to K+ that to NA+ |
| SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP | is required to maintain the greater concentration of NA+ outside the cell membrane and K+ inside |
| SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP | occurs in order to compensate for the constant leakage of ions across the membrane. |
| TWO BASIC ION CHANNELS | 1. Leak Channels 2. Gated Channels |
| LEAK CHANNELS | a channel that is always open |
| LEAK CHANNELS | K+ channels are much greater than NA+ channels |
| GATED CHANNELS | closed until opened by specific signals |
| CHEMICALLY GATED | opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals |
| VOLTAGE-GATED | opened by a change in membrane potential |
| ACTION POTENTIAL | occurs when charge across the cell membrane is briefly reversed |
| ACTION POTENTIAL | it is generated by gated channels |
| LOCAL CURRENT | movement of NA+ inside the cell |
| DEPOLARIZATION | inside the cell becomes positive |
| REPOLARIZATION | outward flow of K+ repolarizes the cell membrane to its resting membrane potential |
| HYPERPOLARIZATION | charge on cell membrane briefly becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential |
| TYPES OF ACTION POTENTIAL CONDUCTION | 1. continuous conduction 2. saltatory conduction |
| CONTIUOUS CONDUCTION | it occurs in unmyelinated axons |
| CONTIUOUS CONDUCTION | an action potential in one part of a cell membrane stimulates local currents in adjacent parts |
| SALTATORY CONDUCTION | it occurs in myelinated axons |
| SALTATORY CONDUCTION | an action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next along the length of the axon |
| SYNAPSE | involved the release of neurotransmitter |
| SYNAPSE | a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ |
| THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SYNAPSE | 1. presynaptic terminal 2. postsynaptic terminal 3.synaptic cleft |
| PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL | it is the end of axon |
| PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL | has synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters |
| SYNAPTIC VESICLES | it stores neurotransmitters |
| NEUROTRANSMITERS | it is stored by synaptic vesicles |
| POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE | membrane of the dendrite or effector cell |
| SYNAPTIC CLEFT | space separating the presynaptic terminal & postsynaptic membrane |
| REFLEXES | involuntary reactions in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery & transmitted to CNS |
| REFLEXES | allow a person to react to stimuli more quickly |
| REFLEXES | conscious thought is not required by this |
| REFLEX ARC | the neuronal pathway by which reflex occurs |
| REFLEX ARC | it is the basin functional unit of nervous system |
| REFLEX ARC | it is the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus & yielding in response |
| 5 BASIC COMPONENTS OF REFLEX ARC | 1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. interneurons 4. motor neuron 5. effector organ |
| SENSORY RECEPTOR | picks up stimulus |
| SENSORY NEURON | afferent; (inward) send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord |
| INTERNEURONS | located in CNS and connect the motor neurons |
| MOTOR NEURONS | efferent; (outward) send response to the effector |
| EFFECTOR ORGAN | muscles and glands |
| NEURONAL PATHWAYS | divided into two simplest types 1. converging pathway 2. diverging pathway |
| CONVERGING PATHWAY | allows transmitted information in more than one neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway. |
| CONVERGING PATHWAY | two or more neurons synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron |
| DIVERGING PATHWAY | allows transmitted information in one neuronal pathway to diverge into two or more pathway |
| DIVERGING PATHWAY | axon from one neuron divides & synapses with more than one other postsynaptic neuron |
| SUMMATION | allows the integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials from the signals in neuronal pathways |
| SUMMATION | brings the membrane potential to threshold and trigger action potentials |
| SPATIAL SUMMATION | occurs when the local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron |
| TEMPORAL SUMMATION | allows the potentials to overlap briefly |
| TEMPORAL SUMMATION | occurs when local action potentials overlap in time |
| SPINAL CORD | it is protected by vertebral column |
| CAUDA EQUINA | spinal's inferior end where the spinal nerves exit |
| CAUDA EQUINA | it resembles a horse's tail |
| FORAMEN MAGNUM | the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes |
| SPINAL CORD | extends from the foramen magnum at skull's base to the 2nd lumbar vertebra |
| GRAY MATTER | found at the center of the spinal cord; shaped like letter H or butterfly |
| POSTERIOR HORNS | contain axons which synapse with interneurons |
| DORSAL ROOT GANGLION | bundle of sensory nerves in the spine. |
| ANTERIOR HORNS | contain somatic neurons |
| LATERAL HORNS | contain autonomic neurons |
| CENTRAL CANAL | fluid-filled space in the center of the cord |
| WHITE MATTER | located at the superficial portion |
| SYNAPSE | a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next |
| NEURONS | cells that transmit information between your brain and other parts of the central nervous system |
| DORSAL ROOT GANGLION | nerves transmit pain from the peripheral nervous system through the spinal nerve and into the spinal cord and subsequently up to the brain. |
| THE THREE COLUMNS OF THE WHITE MATTER | 1. dorsal/posterior 2. ventral/anterior 3. lateral column |
| TWO NERVE TRACTS IN EACH COLUMNS IN THE WHITE MATTER | 1. Ascending Tracts 2. Descending Tracts |
| ASCENDING TRACTS | consists of axons that CONDUCTS action potentials TOWARDS the brain |
| DESCENDING ACTIONS | consists of axons the CONDUCTS action potentials AWAY from the brain |
| SPINAL CORD REFLEXES | 1. Knee-Jerk Reflex/Patellar Reflex 2. Withdrawal Reflex/Flexor Reflex |
| KNEE-JERK REFLEX | sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, which lies just below the kneecap. |
| KNEE-JERK REFLEX | Measures the the posture maintenance and coordination of muscle activity |
| KNEE-JERK REFLEX | also called PATELLAR REFLEX |
| WITHDRAWAL REFLEX | also called FLEXOR REFLEX |
| WITHDRAWAL REFLEX | contains pain receptors as its sensory receptors |
| WITHDRAWAL REFLEX | remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus |
| WITHDRAWAL REFLEX | painful stimuli -> painful receptors -> sensory neurons -> dorsal root -> interneurons -> ventral root -> motor neurons of flexor muscle -> withdrawal |
| SPINAL NERVES | arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal and ventral roots |
| DERMATOME | areas of your skin that rely on nerves that connect to your spinal cord |
| PLEXUS | area where neurons of spinal nerves come together and intermingle |
| CERVICAL PLEXUS | provides nerve connections to the head, neck, and shoulder. |
| BRACHIAL PLEXUS | provides connections to the chest, shoulders, upper arms, forearms, and hands. |
| LUMBAR PLEXUS | provides connections to the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. |
| SACRAL PLEXUS | provides connections to the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. |
| LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS | refers to lumbar and sacral interconnection |
| BRAIN | consists of its major regions which are the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum. |
| BRAINSTEM | connects the spinal cord to the remainder of brain |
| MEDULLA OBLONGATA | Regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, sneezing and balance |
| MEDULLA OBLONGATA | can be found in the inferior portion of the brain; continuous spinal cord |
| PYRAMIDS | involved in conscious control of skeletal muscle |
| PYRAMIDS | two enlargement at uppermost part (anterior) |
| PONS | can be found superior to medulla oblongata |
| PONS | serves as functional bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum, breathing, swallowing, balance, chewing and salivation |
| ARCHED FOOTBRIDGE | aids in assisting functions of medulla oblongata |
| MIDBRAIN | smallest region; superior to the pons |
| MIDBRAIN | it coordinates eye movements, controlling pupil diameter and lens shape |
| SUPERIOR COLLICULI | involved in visual reflexes, receive touch and auditory input |
| INFERIOR COLLICULI | major relay centers for auditory nerve pathways in CNS |
| SUBSTANTIA NIGRA | black nuclear mass that is involved in regulating general body movements |
| BRAINSTEM COMPONENT | 1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons 3. Midbrain |
| RETICULAR FORMATION | a group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem |
| NUCLEI | nerves or clusters of brain cells with the same job or connecting to the same places |
| RETICULAR FORMATION | it regulates cyclical motor function (respiration, walking and chewing) |
| RETICULAR FORMATION | a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival. |
| RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM | plays an important role in arousing and maintaining consciousness, and in regulating sleep-wake cycle |
| CEREBELLUM | attached to brainstem by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles |
| CEREBELLUM | it is known as "little brain" |
| CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES | the paired connections between the cerebellum and the brain stem |
| CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES | play a vital role in communicating information to and from the cerebellum |
| CEREBELLUM | Maintains balance and muscle tone, coordination of motor movements, learning motor skills |
| COMPARATOR | a major function which serves as a sensing device that compares the data from two sources; motor cortex and peripheral structures |
| MOTOR CORTEX | generate signals to direct the movement of the body. |
| SPINAL NERVES | send electrical signals between your brain, spinal cord and the rest of your body |
| CRANIAL NERVES | send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso |
| CRANIAL NERVES | it helps to taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. |
| CRANIAL NERVES | it helps to make facial expressions, blink your eyes and move your tongue |
| PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEURONS | innervated in joints, tendons, and muscles that provide information about the position of the body |
| PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEURONS | sends action potentials to cerebellum |
| DIENCEPHALON | part of brain between brainstem and cerebrum |
| THALAMUS | influences moods and detects pain (unlocalized) |
| THALAMUS | consists of cluster of nuclei shaped like a yo-yo |
| INTERTHALAMIC ADHESION | centrally connect the two large, lateral parts |
| EPITHALAMUS | emotional and visceral response to odors |
| EPITHALAMUS | consists of few small nuclei |
| PINEAL GLAND | an endocrine gland that influences the onset of puberty and controlling some long-term cycles that are influenced by the light-dark cycle |
| HYPOTHALAMUS | plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis, control of body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual pleasures, rage, fear, relaxation after meal, control the secretion of hormone from pituitary gland |
| HYPOTHALAMUS | contains several small nuclei |
| INFUNDIBULUM | a funnel-shaped stalk that extends from the floor of hypothalamus to pituitary gland |
| MAMMILLARY BODIES | visible swelling on posterior part of hypothalamus that are involved in emotional responses to odors and memory |
| MAMMILLARY BODIES | its primary function is recollecting memory |
| HYPOTHALAMUS | main link between your endocrine system and your nervous system |
| CEREBRUM | largest part of the brain which is divided into right and left hemisphere by longitudinal fissure |
| LONGITUDINAL FISSURE | the deep groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain. |
| FRONTAL LOBE | vital in control of voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood and olfactory reception |
| PARIETAL LOBE | principal center for receiver and consciously perceiving most sensory information such as touch, pain, temperature, and balance |
| OCCIPITAL LOBE | functions in receiving and perceiving visual input |
| TEMPORAL LOBE | involved in olfactory and auditory sensations |
| TEMPORAL LOBE | plays an important role in memory |
| PSYCHIC CORTEX | anterior and inferior portion of temporal lobe associated with abstract thought and judgement |
| INSULA/FIFTH LOBE | a small region of the cerebral cortex located deep within the lateral sulcus, which is a large fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe |
| INTEROCEPTION | the sensory information on physiologic condition of the body |
| INTEROCEPTION | a lesser-known sense that helps you understand and feel what's going on inside your body |
| CEREBRAL CORTEX | located at the surface of cerebrum that is composed of the grey matter |
| CEREBRAL CORTEX | controls thinking, communicating, remembering, understanding, and initiates involuntary movements |
| GYRI | intervening grooves; shallow indentations |
| CENTRAL SULCUS | separates the frontal and parietal lobes |
| LATERAL FISSURE | separates most of the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum |
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