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Anatomy Exam 1
Tissue, Skin, Skeletal, & Muscle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epithelial Tissue | organized as sheets of cells |
| Epithelial Tissue Functions | - Covers & Lines surfaces of the Body - Forms Glands - Protection - Filtration - Secretion - Absorption |
| Epithelial Locations | - Skin - Inner lining of organs - Glands |
| Epithelial Special Feature | - constantly renewing dead cells (con is cancer) |
| Connective Tissue | cells embedded in a non-living protein substance (jellybeans in jello) |
| What does Connective Tissue have? | - ECM (extracellular matrix) - Collagen & Elastin |
| Connective Tissue Functions | - connects parts of the body - supports soft organs - stores fat - transports substances |
| Connective Tissue Matrixes | - bone - cartilage - fibrous & connective tissue - adipose tissue - blood |
| What helps connects parts of the body? | fibrous & loose connective tissue + cartilage |
| What helps support soft organs? | bones, loose connective tissue + adipose |
| What stores fat in the body? | adipose & blood |
| What transports substances in the body? | blood |
| Muscle Tissue | cells are excitable fibers that when stimulated, contract then relax |
| Muscle Tissue Function | generating heat & movement |
| Skeletal Muscle | - connects to bones - voluntary control |
| Cardiac Muscle | - in the heart - involuntary control |
| Smooth Muscle | - lines hollow organs (uterus, bladder) - involuntary control |
| Muscle Special Feature | - lots of ATPs - rich blood supply for glucose & oxygen - rich nerve supply for stimulation/contraction |
| Nervous Tissue | - excitable cells that allow for rapid communication throughout the body |
| Nervous Tissue Functions | - generates & transmits electrical impulses - releases neurotransmitters - controls & coordinates functions |
| Where is nervous tissue located? | throughout the body - centrally (brain & spinal cord) - peripherally (nerves connecting body to brain & spinal cord) |
| Nervous Special Feature | - extreme longevity - high metabolic rate |
| Cardiovascular/Circulatory System | transports blood throughout the body |
| Digestive System | breaks down food |
| Lymphatic/Immune System | defense against disease |
| Respiratory System | gas exchange (breathing, oxygen & carbon dioxide) |
| Integumentary System | skin, protects from internal & external environment |
| Endocrine System | produces hormones |
| Urinary/Excretory System | filters blood & creates/expels urine |
| Skeletal System | support & protection |
| Nervous System | control & coordination |
| Reproductive System | babies |
| Muscular System | movement & generates heat |
| Homeostasis | stability of internal conditions - purpose of the body |
| What are two conditions in the body maintained by homeostasis? | - body temp - body pH |
| Negative Feedback Mechanism | - detects deviations from normal - initiates changes to return to normal range |
| What are the four components of Negative Feedback Mechanism? | - controlled variable (shower) - sensor (hand) - control center (brain) - effector (shower knobs) |
| What part of the body usually acts as the "control center?" | brain |
| Why do you start sweating when it's hot outside? | - controlled variable (body temp) - sensor (temp nerves) - control center (brain) - effector (sweat glands) |
| What is the tissue lining the mouth, organs of the digestive system, & inner surfaces of the lungs classified as? | Epithelial |
| What type of tissue has the presence of extracellular matrix? | Connective |
| What feature is shared by all muscle tissues? | The ability to contract |
| What organ system isn't involved in regulating body temperature? | Skeletal System |
| Is a stratified epithelial tissue best suited for protection? (T/F) | True |
| Is nervous tissue prone to developing cancer b/c nerve cells divide frequently? (T/F) | False |
| Is blood a type of connective tissue? (T/F) | True |
| Is the purpose of the endocrine system to produce hormones? (T/F) | True |
| What are the two layers of skin? | - Epidermis (outer-most layer) - Dermis (deeper layer) |
| What kind of tissue makes up the epidermis? | multiple layers of dead epithelial cells |
| What kind of tissue makes up the dermis? | dense connective tissue that connects epidermis to body |
| What are the functions of skin? | - barrier between external & internal environment - protects from dehydration - protects against injury - serves as a defense against microorganisms - regulates body temp - provides sensation |
| What does Keratinocytes/Keratin do? | provides a tough waterproof protein (in hair, nails, etc.) |
| What is the function of melanocytes/melanin? | produces dark pigmentation to protect against UV rays |
| List two subtypes of connective tissue. Where are they located & their function? | Bone v. Blood - bone in skeleton, very tough & rigid --> support & protection - blood in vessels, liquid --> transports substances in the body |
| What is the function of white blood cells? | immune defense |
| What is the function of sweat glands? | secretes sweat & contains proteins that protect against bacterial infection |
| What is the function of sebaceous (oil) glands? | secretes sebum, which moistens & softens skin |
| Where can you find the Keratinocytes & Melanocytes? | Epidermis |
| Does sweat defend against infection? (T/F) | True |
| Is the epidermis made of dense connective tissue? (T/F) | False |
| Is the skin involved in regulating body temp? (T/F) | True |
| Do nerve endings in the skin ONLY detect pain? (T/F) | False |
| What makes the skin strong yet flexible? | Elastin & Collagen |
| What would happen if we only had 1 or 2 layers of dead epithelial cells? | injured easily - more prone to infection |
| What would happen if we had 100 layers of dead epithelial cells? | thicker skin - less vitamins - more protection - limits movement |
| In what layer does skin cancer typically develop? Why? | Epidermis (thinner!) |
| Why is melanoma deadlier than other skin cancers? | Spreads into the dermis |
| What are the functions of the bone (aside from support & protection)? | - movement - blood cell formation - mineral storage |
| Compact Bone | solid, outer layer |
| Why is the compact bone rigid? | crystallized minerals in ECM (calcium & phosphate) |
| What does Compact Bone do? | provides strength & rigidity |
| Spongy Bone | porous w/ many open spaces |
| Why is the spongy bone porous? | bones aren't heavy, filled w/ red or yellow marrow |
| Red Marrow | site for blood cell production |
| Yellow Marrow | fat storage |
| Osteoblasts | builds new bone tissue |
| Osteocytes | maintains bone tissue |
| Osteoclasts | breaks down bone tissue |
| When does Bone Growth occur? | begins in the embryo (before birth) when cartilage is replaced by bones |
| What is Bone Remodeling? | bones changing in shape, size, strength, + stress |
| When does Bone Remodeling occur? | All throughout life |
| Name 2 locations that cartilage is found in the skeletal system | between vertebrae & outer ear |
| What 3 things stabilize joints? | - Ligaments - Tendons - Muscles |
| Are all joints freely movable? Why/why not? | No, b/c it protects important parts of the body (brain in skull) |
| What causes osteoporosis? | loss of bone mass due to prolonged imbalance of osteoblast & osteoclast |
| Synovial Joint | bones separated by a cavity w/ fluid (synovial fluid) |
| What does synovial fluid do? | Acts as a cushion (shock absorber) - Reduces friction |
| What is arthritis? | the inflammation of joints |
| What 3 tissues make up the skeletal system? | - bone - ligaments - cartilage |
| What 2 minerals are stored in bone tissue (& make it rigid)? | calcium + phosphate |
| Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by...? | Ligaments |
| Do osteoblasts break down bone tissue? | No, it's the Osteoclasts! |
| Do bones begin forming before birth? (T/F) | True |
| Osteoarthritis | Cartilage protecting the ends of bones wears out |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | AUTOIMMUNE disease Your immune system attacks joints |
| Bone remodeling requires osteoclasts & osteocytes (T/F) | False- it needs the osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| Why do astronauts lose bone mass after spending many months in space? | lack of stress/gravity on bones = less need for bone mass |
| What are the four functions of muscle? | - Generates heat - Movement - Stabilizes joints - Maintain posture |
| What is the mechanism of action of muscle? | contracting then relaxing |
| What does it mean that muscle cells are "excitable"? | muscles contract to stimuli/stimulation (chemical/electrical) |
| What is the organization of muscle tissue? | Muscle --> Fascicles --> Muscle Fibers --> Myofibrils --> Sarcomeres --> Actin + Myosin |
| How do myosin & actin interact to generate force? | when a muscle contracts, myosin attaches itself to actin & pulls |
| Sarcomere | functional unit of muscle |
| Myosin | forms thick filaments |
| Actin | forms thin filaments |
| Sequence of events at neuromuscular junction (contraction) | - skeletal muscle is stimulated - concentration of calcium increases - calcium allows actin & myosin to interact - shortening occurs |
| Additive Effect | all sarcomeres in all myofibrils shortening leads to shortening of the whole muscle |
| Muscles require ___ ions & ___ to contract | - calcium ions - atp |
| What is creatine phosphate? | energy protein used to replenish ATP by lending it a phosphate when exercising |
| How is ATP replenished? | by creatine phosphate & metabolism |
| Motor unit | motor neuron & all the muscle cells it controls |
| Neuromuscular Junction | where motor neurons meets muscle cell to stimulate it |
| Isometric Contraction | muscle doesn't change length but it changes force/tension (plank) |
| Isotonic Contraction | muscle changes length but uses the same force/tension (bicep curls) |
| Fascia | Dense connective tissue surrounding each fascicle |
| Recruitment | The process of increasing activation of motor units |
| Muscle | bundles of fascicles |
| Muscle Fibers | long rope of many cells |
| Fascicles | bundles of muscle fibers |
Created by:
Kolohegirl
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