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unit 2 chapter 6-8
| Definition | |
|---|---|
| rotating forearm palm downward | pronation |
| rotating forearm palm upward | supination |
| moving a part in circular motion | circumduction |
| moving around an axis | rotation |
| extension beyond the anatomical position | hyperextension |
| moves two structures further apart | extension |
| brings two structures closer together | flexion |
| movement of ankle brings foot down towards the ground | plantar flexion |
| movement of ankle brings foot upwards towards shin | dorsiflexion |
| moving towards midline | adduction |
| moving away from midline | abduction |
| freely movable | diarthroses |
| slightly movable | amphiarthroses |
| immovable | synarthroses |
| most complex, allow free movement | synovial |
| hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones | cartilaginous joints |
| dense connective tissue connect bones, between bones in close contact | fibrous joints |
| another name for joints | articulations |
| toes | phalanges |
| heel bone | calcaneus |
| foot bone | metatarsals |
| tarsals | ankle bone |
| smaller lower leg bone | fibula |
| larger lower bone | tibia |
| knee cap | patella |
| thigh bone | femur |
| ilium, ischium, pubis | 3 pelvic bones |
| structure: coxal bones functions; support trunk of body, protects viscera, forms pelvic cavity | structure and function of pelvic girdle |
| fingers | phalanges |
| palms | metacarpals |
| wrist | carpals |
| pinky side (interosseous membrane) | ulna |
| thumb side | radius |
| upper arm bone | humerus |
| structure: clavicles, scapulae function: supports upper limbs, the shoulder joint is the articulation of the humerus and scapula | structure and function of pectoral girdle |
| 12 pairs | ribs |
| 7, attach to sternum | true ribs |
| 5; 3, attach to rib 7 | false ribs |
| 2, do not attach | floating ribs |
| structure: 12 ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae 12, costal cartilages functions: supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs, protects viscera, role in breathing | structure and function of thoracic cage |
| c1 vertebrae, up and down movement | atlas |
| c2 vertebrae, left and right movement | axis |
| bones and spine dont touch because of the | intervertebral disc |
| cervical, 7 bones thoracic, 12 bones lumbar, 5 bones sacral, 4-5 fused segments coccygeal, 3-4 fused segments | vertebral column |
| bones of the upper and lower extremities, pectoral and pelvic bones that connect the extremities to the trunk | appendicular skeleton |
| framework that supports and protects organ systems in the dorsal and ventral body cavities | axial skeleton |
| the replacement of connective tissue with bone | ossification |
| bones that form between sutures | Wormian (sutural) bones |
| flexible (vertebra) | irregular bones |
| protection (ribs, scapula) | flat bones |
| short and round (patella) | sesamoid |
| flexibility (tarsals, carpals) | short bones |
| support (femur) | long bones |
| 206 total 80 axial 126 appendicular | human bones |
| degrade bone (demolition team) | osteoclasts |
| maintain bone density (mature) | osteocytes |
| make new bone (immature) | osteoblast |
| support, protect, movement, mineral storage, hematopoiesis | functions of skeletal system |
| skin, hair, nails protect underlying tissue | functions of integumentary system protection: |
| regulate heat loss | functions of integumentary system maintenance of body temp |
| stores fat, synthesizes vitamin D | functions of integumentary system storage of synthesis |
| pain, pressure, touch, temperature | functions of integumentary system sensory reception |
| salt, water, milk, organic waste | functions of integumentary system excretion |
| outermost layer, avascular | epidermis |
| thick middle layer, vascular | dermis |
| innermost layer, connective and adipose tissue | subcutaneous |
| 4 cell types, 5 layers, thickest on palms, melanocytes barrier: UV, bacteria, chemicals keratin: protein keeps skin dry (waterproof) stratum corneum: surface layer of skin composed of dead cells rich in keratin | features of epidermis |
| majority of epidermis, produce keratin and vitamin D | keratinocytes |
| sensory receptors | merkel |
| produce protein melanin | melanocytes |
| macrophages fight microbes | langerhans |
| stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basal | epidermal layers outer to inner: |
| red/yellow | pheomelanin |
| dark brown/black | eumelanin |
| located over the majority of body except penis, vagina, lips, hands , feet | hair follicles |
| implanted in skin | hair root |
| protects from skin | hair shaft |
| attached to connective tissue | hair papilla |
| covers the nail and serves as a defense mechanism nail plate: composed of keratin nail bed: layer of cells lunula: white area at base of nail | protective coverings |
| help prevent water loss and lubricates the skin making it soft and pliable. not located on the palms and soles, | secrete sebum (oil) |
| perspire to remove waste, distributed all over body more abundant under arms, hands, feet, and forehead, activated by nervous system | sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) |
| attach to hair follicles (arm pits and groin) release a cloudy secretion responsible for body odor | apocrine glands |
| responsible for perspiration and more common | merocrine (eccrine) glands |
| staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, fungi, yeast | most common bacteria found on skin |
| bacteria and perspiration | causes body odor |
| primary method, infrared heat rays escape | radiation |
| heat moves from skin to cooler objects | conduction |
| heat loss into circulating air currents | convection |
| sweat changes into gas, carries heat away | evaporation |
| abnormally high body temperature (heat stress, heat stroke) | hyperthermia |
| abnormally low body temperature (frostbite) | hypothermia |
| skin looks red, swollen, warm, painful | characteristics of inflammation |
| superficial epidermis (painful red in color) | first degree burn |
| epidermis and dermis (red tender, swollen, blistered and painful) | second degree burn |
| epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous (less painful because of nerve damage) | third degree burn |
Created by:
ZeeD
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