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Ch 1 Terms
Definitions of chapter one bolded terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social order | the way we organize and live our collective lives |
| Government | a system or organization for exercising authority over a body of people |
| Authority | the power that people recognize as legitimate |
| Legitimate | accepted as “right” or proper |
| Compliance | the act of accepting and carrying out authorities’ decisions |
| Rules | directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity |
| Norms | informal, unwritten expectations that guide behavior and support formal rule systems; often most noticeable when broken. I.e. Essential to government and politics |
| Institutions | organizations in which government power is exercised. I.e. Congress, the presidency, the courts, and the bureaucracy |
| Popular Sovereignty | the basic principle of democracy that the people ultimately rule |
| Political Liberty | the principle that citizens in a democracy are protected from government interference in the exercise of a range of basic freedoms |
| Political Equality | the principle that says that person carries equal weight in the conduct of the public business |
| Economics | the production and distribution of a society’s material resources and services |
| Socialist economy | an economic system in which the state determines production, distribution, and price decisions, and property is government owned |
| Substantive guarantees | government assurance of particular outcomes or results |
| Capitalist economy | an economic system in which the market determines production, distribution, and price decisions, and property is privately owned. Pure capitalist economy |
| Laissez-faire capitalism | an economic system in which the market makes all decisions and the government plays no role |
| Authoritarian governments | systems in which the state holds all power over the social order |
| Totalitarian | a system in which absolute power is exercised over every aspect of life |
| Libertarianism | Power rests with individuals to make decisions concerning their lives |
| Anarchy (the most extreme form) | the absence of government and laws |
| Democracy | government that vests power in the people; based on popular sovereignty |
| Popular sovereignty | the concept that the citizens are the ultimate source of political power |
| citizens | They are members of a political community having both rights and responsibilities |
| subjects | They are obliged to submit to a government authority against which they have no rights |
| Republic | a government in which decisions are made through representatives of the people |
| Digital native | an individual born after the advent of digital technology who is proficient in and dependent on its use. |
| Mediated citizens | all interactions happen through third parties. |
| Hashtag activism | a form of political engagement that occurs by organizing individuals online around a particular issue |
| Information bubble | a closed cycle, sometimes self-created, in which all the information we get reinforces the information we already have, solidifying our beliefs without reference to outside reality checks |
| American citizenship | Jus soli- born in the states or in most overseas US territories, or Jus sanguinis-born to American citizens, even if it’s outside of the states |
| Immigrants | citizens or subjects of one country who move to another country to live or work |
| Naturalization | the legal process of acquiring citizenship for someone who has not acquired it by birth |
| Asylum | protection or sanctuary, especially from political persecution |
| Refugees | individuals who flee an area or a country because of persecution on the basis of race, nationality, religion, group membership, or political opinion |
| legal nonimmigrants without resident status | Visitors, foreign government officials |
| Political culture | the broad patterns of ideas, beliefs, and values about citizens and government held by the citizens of a country |
| Values | central ideas, principles, or standards that most people agree are important |
| Normative | a term used to describe beliefs or values about how things should be or what people ought to do rather than what actually is |
| Individualism | the belief that what is good for society is based on what is good for individuals |
| Theoretical influences | john locke and adam smith |
| John Locke | people are justified in taking the product of their effort for their own as private property; some will end up with more property than others |
| Adam Smith | if markets are left alone to operate naturally, following the laws of supply and demand, they will coordinate economic life in a nearly perfect fashion |
| Competitive individualism | People are naturally competitive, always striving to better themselves in relation to others |
| Competitive individualism | People are naturally competitive, always striving to better themselves in relation to others |
| Ideologies | sets of beliefs about politics and society that help people make sense of their world |
| Conservatives | people who generally favor limited government and are cautious about change |
| Liberals | people who generally favor government action and view change as progress |
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