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Lecture Exam 1 AP1
chapters 1,2,3,4 Notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of structure |
| Physiology | the study of function |
| levels of organization | body organized on interdependent levels of organization |
| atomic | atoms combine forming molecules |
| cellular | molecules form organelles, cells |
| tissue | groups of cells with a primary function |
| organ | groups of tissues with many functions |
| organ system | work to preform functions |
| organism | multiple organ systems that maintain the life form |
| homeostasis | -levels of organization provide this stable environment -requires a homeostatic apparatus |
| receptor | senses a stimulus |
| control center | -(CC) -receives information from a receptor with respect to stimulus |
| effector | responds to control centers response |
| feedback | control of biological reactions by the end products of those reactions |
| Negative feedback | -stimulus causes receptor to send information to control center producing a response that eliminates the original stimulus (e.g) thermoregulation |
| positive feedback | -stimulus causes receptor to send information to control center producing a response that enhances the original stimulus (e.g blood clotting) |
| Anatomical landmarks | palpable structures serving as landmarks for identification |
| anatomical regions | import regions to describe area of interest or injury |
| Abdominopelvic quadrants | formed by imaginary intersecting lines at umbilicus |
| abdominopelvic regions | precise terms to describe location and orientation of organs |
| anatomical directions | directional terms for I.D purposes |
| proximal | towards the point of attachment |
| distal | away from point of attachment |
| medial | towards the midline |
| lateral | away from midline |
| sectional anatomy | (cutting) section view through 3D organism |
| transverse plane | at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body, dividing it into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom) |
| frontal plane | parallel to the long axis of body dividing it into anterior and posterior sections (front and back) |
| sagittal plane | parallel to longitudinal axis of the body, dividing it into left and right sections |
| parasagittal plane | divides into left and right sections but not equally left side may be bigger or smaller than the right side |
| body cavities | -chambers lined by serous membrane that encloses viscera (internal organs) -protects viscera, enables distention, and reduces friction |
| serous | acts as a lubricant |
| ventral body cavity | protects numerous organs -separated by a muscular diaphragm |
| thoracic cavity | superior to diaphragm |
| right and left pleural cavities | -surround the right and left lungs individually -lined by pleurae |
| mediastinum | connective tissue separates pleural cavities from trachea and esophagus |
| pericardial cavity | chamber that surrounds the heart lined by pericardium |
| abdominopelvic cavity | inferior to diaphragm |
| abdominal cavity | contains digestive organs lined by peritoneum |
| pelvic cavity | contains urogenital organs lined by peritoneum |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| mass | how much matter an object has |
| weight | measure of how strong gravity pulls on that matter |
| elements | -the simplest chemical substance -92 naturally occurring |
| atoms | smallest unit of matter that maintains all the properties of an element |
| subatomic particles (brief) | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| protons | -positively charged -found in atomic nucleus -mass of 1 dalton |
| neutrons | -no charge -found in atomic nucleus -mass of 1 dalton |
| electrons | -negatively charged -found in electron cloud -mass is 1/2000th of a Dalton |
| mass number | -defines the mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons -written as a subscript ^23 Na -approximation only (ignoring electrons) |
| atomic mass (atomic weight) | -actual mass of an atom (includes electrons) -will be close to the mass number -written below symbol on periodic table |
| atomic number | -defines the element -equal to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus -assuming atom is neutral it is also equal to # of electrons -written as a subscript 11^Na -written above symbol on periodic table |
| isotopes | -different atomic forms of an element -atoms with same atomic number can differ in the number of neutrons -if isotope is unstable (radioactive) nucleus decays and emits energy (E) |
| half life | amount of time for half of a given amount of an isotope to decay |
| subatomic particles (details) | -protons + neutrons in nucleus -e's orbit at fixed distances (e- shells) -atoms want outer valence shell filled -e's in valance shell are valence e's -atoms w/ incomplete valance shells are reactive -atoms w/ complete valance shells are unreactive |
| chemical bonds | attraction between two atoms causes by the sharing or transferring of valence electrons. |
| covalent bonds | -sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms (forms a molecule) -the MOST stable (strongest bond) -electronegativity is the attraction of a particular kind of atom from the e-'s of a covalent bond |
| types of covalent bonds | nonpolar +polar |
| nonpolar covalent bond | -NOT CHARGED -generally occurs between atoms with the same electronegativity -equal sharing of E's |
| polar covalent bond | -CHARGED -occurs between atoms with different electronegativity -unequal sharing of E-'s |
| Ionic bonds | -transfer of E-'s from one atom to another -highly electronegative atom "strips" e- from another atom strength varies |
| charged atom | ION |
| +ION | cation |
| -ION | anion |
| Hydrogen bonds | occurs between an H atom of one polar covalent bond and either a N or O atom of another polar covalent bond. -WEAK bond (easily broken) |
| Chemical Reactions | -making or breaking of chemical bonds that leads to changes in composition of matter -cannot create nor destroy matter only rearrange atoms +bonds |
| Reactants | starting materials |
| products | resulting material ex. 2H2+02 -------> 2H20 |
| metabolism | all the reactions in the cells and tissues of the body at a given moment |
| catabolic reactions (decomposition) | breaking down molecules ex. AB-----> A+B |
| hydrolysis reaction | catabolic reaction that splits water and adds a H and OH from the reactants |
| anabolic reactions (synthesis) | building up molecules ex. A+B----->AB |
| dehydration synthesis reaction (condensation) | -anabolic reaction that forms water by removing an H and OH from the reactants |
| enzymes | -proteins that selectively speed up chemical reactions w/o being changed -lower the activation energy which is the energy required to start a reaction -once started, reactions can release or absorb energy (heat) -if energy is released it is endergonic |
| substrates | reactants in an enzymatic reaction |
| active site | -groove in an enzyme that binds one or more substrates -active site specific for substrate (lock and key model) -enzymes brings molecules together (synthesis reaction) or facilitates separation (decomposition reactions) |
| water | -supports life (cells are 70-90% water and participates in some reactions -high heat capacity (absorbs/retains heat) -effective lubricant in body |
| solute | substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | -substance that does the dissolving -H2O is solvent of life |
| solution | solute and solvent |
| aqueous solution | -when water is the solvent -good solvent due to polarity -H2O forms hydration sphere (shell) around ions that breaks down compounds |
| electrolytes | compounds that dissociate into water and release ions |
| hydrophilic substance | polar substances interact with water "water loving" |
| hydrophobic substance | nonpolar substance does not interact with water |
| Acid | solute that dissociates in solution and releases H+s |
| hydrogen ions= | protons |
| base | solute that removes H+s from solution (can release OH- which pick up H+'s) |
| pH | measures concentration of hydrogen ions (h+) |
| lower pH= | higher [H+]= more acidic |
| higher pH= | lower [H+]= less acidic |
| buffer | control pH by either adding or removing H+ |
| organic compound | contains C, H, and O -many are water soluble |
| carbohydrates | (sugar) -function as energy source -building blocks are MONOSACCHARIDES -includes monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (glycogen, starch) -starch (plants) long term energy stores in liver |
| lipids | (fats) -function as energy source, insulation -building blocks are FATTY ACIDS -includes glycerides, steroids (cholesterol), and phospholipids (membrane lipids) |
| proteins | function in support, movement, defense building block are AMINO ACIDS (20 types) shape can be defined on 4 levels |
| 4 levels protein can be defined from | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| nucleic acids | -function in information storage and protein synthesis (DNA-->RNA--->Protein) -building blocks are NUCLEOTIDES (base that contains nitrogen) |
| DNA | double stranded blueprint with deoxyribose sugar and AGTC base |
| RNA | single stranded intermediate copy with ribose sugar and ACUC bases |
| Name: Carbon | Symbol: C Atomic #: 6 Mass #: 12 Neutron #: 6 Proton #: 6 Electron #: 6 Valence Electron #: 4 |
| Name: Hydrogen | Symbol: H Atomic #: 1 Mass #: Neutron #: Proton #: Electron #: Valence Electron #: |
| Name: Oxygen | Symbol: O Atomic #: 8 Mass #: Neutron #: Proton #: Electron #: Valence Electron #: |
| Name: Nitrogen | Symbol: N Atomic #: 7 Mass #: Neutron #: Proton #: Electron #: Valence Electron #: |
| Name: Sodium | Symbol: Na Atomic #: 11 Mass #: Neutron #: Proton #: Electron #: Valence Electron #: |
| Name: Calcium | Symbol: Ca Atomic #: 20 Mass #: Neutron #: Proton #: Electron #: Valence Electron #: |
| Name: Chlorine | Symbol: Cl Atomic #: 17 Mass #: Neutron #: Proton #: Electron #: Valence Electron #: |
| Name: Phosphorus | Symbol: P Atomic #: 15 Mass #: Neutron #: Proton #: Electron #: Valence Electron #: |
| Atomic # = | number of protons |
| mass #= | # of protons + # of neutrons |
| neutron #= | P+N-P=N |
| cell membrane | -provides physical isolation from extracellular fluid -regulates exchange with environment -recognizes and responds to changes in environment -maintain structural support |
| membrane lipids | -phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic surfaces and hydrophobic interior O head is hydrophilic tails are hydrophobic | | |
| membrane proteins | can function as anchors, receptors, markers, enzymes, carriers or channels |
| integral proteins | comprise part of the inner or outer surface |
| membrane carbohydrate | can function as anchors, receptors, markers, or for protection |
| cytoplasm | -region inside the cell membrane, but outside nucleus -comprised of fluid (cytosol) with dissolved components and organelles |
| organelles | subcellular structures with specific functions |
| cytoskeleton | provided structure/ support for cell |
| microfilaments | thin actin filaments that function in movement, anchoring, and consistency |
| intermediate filaments | intermediate size keratin filaments that function in shape and stabilization |
| microtubules | thick tubulin filaments that function in organelle and vesicular movement, mitosis |
| microvilli | fingerlike cell extensions that increase surface area |
| cilia | hairlike cell extensions that help transport materials |
| ribosomes | bound to ER site of protein synthesis (translation) |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | network of membranes and chambers (cisternae) connecting nuclear envelope and cell membrane |
| smooth ER | no surface ribosomes synthesizes carbohydrates/ lipids and stores them |
| rough ER | has surface ribosomes synthesizes/modifies/packages proteins into vesicles |
| Golgi apparatus | stacks of membranous discs with chambers (cisternae) -receives vesicles from ER at cis face -modifies/repackages proteins and releases them into vesicle at trans face |
| lysosomes | vesicle with digestive enzymes (digest old organelles, pathogens) |
| mitochondria | -double membrane structure that is the site of ATP production -inner membrane has folds (cristae) -internal compartment is matrix |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| Nucleus | DNA cells control center (chromosomes) 26 pairs 46 total DNA can be replicated or transcribed into RNA which can be translated into protein |
| Transport across cell membrane | membrane is selectively permeable only certain substances move across it -some substances do not require energy to move (passive) others require energy (active) -some substances do not require energy to move (passive) others require energy (active) |
| Diffusion | -movement from high to low [] (passive) -affected by temp, molecular size, gradient size, and distance of diffusion -O2/CO2 diffuse directly across membrane (simple diffusion) -ions/H2O diffuse across membrane through open channels (chanel mediated) |
| osmosis | water will diffuse towards higher solute concentration |
| tonicity | -effects of various osmotic solutions on cells that are within them |
| isotonic solution | has equal concentration of solutes as inside cell 30% inside 30% outside |
| hypotonic solution | has a lower concentration of solutes than inside cell 30% inside 10% outside (explodes) 10 moves to 30 |
| hypertonic solution | has a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell 30% inside 60% outside (crenated)(shriveled)(spikelike) 30 moves to 60 |
| carrier mediated transport | specialized membrane proteins bind substances and move them into cell |
| facilitated diffusion | -movement from a high to a low concentration (passive) -protein binds molecules changes shape, moves them across membrane |
| active transport | -movement from a low to high concentration (active) -protein pump binds ions, use ATP, pumps ion across membrane |
| vesicular transport | -movement of materials across membranes thru membranes sacs (vesicles) |
| endocytosis | materials packaged into vesicles and imported into cell |
| pinocytosis | imports fluid |
| phagocytosis | cellular eating membrane extends pseudopodia that engulf material |
| exocytosis | materials packed into vesicles and exported out of cell |
| epithelial tissue overview | -covers body surface and lines cavities -functions in protection, controlling permeability, secretion (glands) -contains polarity -may have microvilli or cilia -classification based on cell shape and number of layers |
| types of epithelia | squamous epithelia cuboidal epithelia transitional epithelium columnar epithelia glandular epithelia |
| simple squamous | single thin layer of thin flat cells function in absorption and diffusion found in blood vessels, alveoli |
| stratified squamous | multiple layers of thin flat cells functions in protection -found in skin (keratinized), oral cavity (non keratinized) |
| simple cuboidal | single layer of boxy cells function in absorption/ secretion found in renal tubules (kidney) |
| stratified cuboidal | multiple layers of boxy cells function in absorption/secretion found in sweat glands ducts |
| transitional epithelium | multiple layers of irregularly shaped cells function in stretching/recoiling found in bladder, ureter |
| simple Columnar | single layer of column shaped cells function in absorption/secretion found in stomach, intestines |
| stratified columnar | multiple layers of column shaped cells function in protection found in pharynx, epiglottis |
| pseudostratified columnar | single layer of irregularly shaped cells function in movement via cilia found in trachea, nasal cavity |
| glandular epithelia | produce secretions that are either released into the blood (endocrine) or onto epithelial surfaces through ducts (exocrine) |
| exocrine glad secretion methods | merocrine apocrine holocrine |
| merocrine secretion | secretion released via exocytosis |
| apocrine secretions | secretion released with cytoplasm loss |
| holocrine secretion | secretion released via cell lysis |
| maintaining epithelia integrity | intercellular/extracellular connections help maintain physical integrity |
| intercellular connections | gap junctions/tight junctions |
| gap junctions | enable cellular communication through connections |
| tight junctions | bind cells tightly preventing diffusion between cells |
| connective tissue | -found throughout body functions in structure, E storage, protection, and transportation contains cells and matrix (protein fibers fluid ground substances) -classification based on physical properties |
| connective tissue proper | contains many cell types (fibroblast, adipocytes) matrix has long, flexible collagen, thin branched reticular, and branched resilient elastic fibers with viscous ground substance |
| loose connective tissue | in dermis (areolar), skin (adipose) and liver (reticular) function to cushion, stabilize, and support |
| dense connective tissue | in tendon (dense regular), dermis (dense irregular), and ligaments (elastic) function in stabilization/ strength |
| fluid connective tissue | contains many cells types (RBC, WBC) matrix has many suspended proteins with watery ground substances |
| blood | in cardiovascular system function in gas/ nutrient transport |
| lymph | in lymphatic system function in immune response |
| supporting connective tissie | contains few cell types (chondrocytes, osteocytes) matrix has numerous fibers with gelatinous ground substances |
| cartilage | in joints (hyaline), ear (elastic), and intervertebral discs (fibro) function in support, reducing friction, and resisting compression |
| bone | in bone function in support and protection |
| tissue membrane | forms barrier |
Created by:
knsudderth
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