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CSD 522
Neurogenics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 Components of Defiinition of Aphasia | Acquired; has neurological cause; affects receptive & expressive language across modalities; not a sensory, psychiartric, or intellectual disorder |
| _____% of stroke survivors have aphasia | 30-35% |
| WHO-ICF Framework | Body structure & functioning, activity & participation |
| Alternative Therapy Approaches | Group therapy, pharmacology, technology in aphasia therapy, telepractice |
| CT | Computed tomography - 'xrays' of brain, creates cross sections/slices of brain, |
| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging (radio waves) - performed in an angio suite, detailed image of soft tissue, ligaments, organs |
| PET | Positron emission computed tomography - metabolism in the brain |
| SPECT | Single proton emission - more sensitive than CT or MRI |
| Cerebral Angiography | Visualization of blood vessels |
| EEG | Electroencephalography - electrical brain activity |
| Electrocorticography | Cortical stimulation brain mapping (for surgeries) |
| Glial Cells | Support & protect nerve cells in gray & white matter, 40-50x as many ___ ___ as nerve cells |
| Astrocytes | Act as connective tissue for brain cells & contribute to the blood brain barrier & selective permeability |
| Ependymal Cells | Form the inner surface of the ventricles & the choroid plexus which secretes cerebral spinal fluid |
| Protoplasm | Nucleus & cystoplasm |
| Cytoplasm | Contains: neurofibrils - channels of intracellular communication (Alzheimer’s) |
| Mitochondria | Enzymes involved in cellular metabolic energy (Alzheimer's, PD, heart disease, diabetes) |
| Ribosomes | Protein granules (Treacher Collins) |
| Lysosomes | Enzymes for intracellular digestion (Niemann-Pick Disease, Tay-Sachs) |
| Golgi | Protein secretion & transportation (ALS, Huntingtons, CJD) |
| Intercellular Fluid | Contains high concentration of potassium & low concentrations of sodium and chloride |
| Extracellular Fluid | Contains low concentration of potassium & high concentrations of sodium & chloride |
| Nerve Fiber | Axon & sheath |
| Axons | Efferent (motor) structures, carries neural impulses away from the cell body (Charcot- Marie Tooth) |
| Dendrites | Afferent (receptive) structures, carry neuronal impulses to the cell body (Huntington’s, ALS) |
| Synapse | Juncture between cells, neural impulse carried by neurotransmitters (fragile x, Rett syndrome) |
| Multipolar Cells | CNS & Spinal interneurons (many dendrites, one axon) |
| Pyramidal Cells | Type of multipolar neuron in the prefrontal cortex |
| Bipolar Cells | 2 process |
| Unipolar Cells | T shaped – spinal dorsal root |
| Golgi Type I | Nerve cells whose axons leave the gray matter for which they form |
| Golgi Type II | Shot axons which branch into the gray matter |
| Divergent Circuit | Impulse from presynaptic cell activates several postsynaptic cells |
| Convergent Circuit | Postsynaptic neuron receives impulses from several divergent fibers of the same presynaptic cell OR from different presynaptic cells |
| Lateral Inhibition | The signal or cellular message is sharpened by inhibiting adjacent cells (think attention) |
| Reverberating Circuit | Self-propagating system between cells that when activated will continue to do so unless blocked by an external source (think closed loop and automatic tasks) |
| Acetylcholine | Primary in the PNS but does also exist in the CNS, think MG and Alzheimer’s |
| Adrenaline | Fight or flight |
| GABA | Calming |
| Noradrenaline | Concentration |
| Dopamine | Pleasure |
| Acetlycholine | Learning |
| Glutamate | Memory |
| Serotonin | Mood |
| Endorphins | Euphoria |
| Spinal Cord | Thoracic, ascending, descending |
| Meninges | Protect brain & spinal cord |
| Left Hemisphere | Language, logic |
| Right Hemisphere | Perception, spatial, intuition, holistic/synthesis |
| Precentral Gyrus | Frontal lobe; motor strip for voluntary movement |
| Frontal Lobe | Plan, organize, initiate/inhibit, self-monitor, memory, problem solving, emotion regulation (pragmatic part of language); Broca's area |
| Postcentral Gyrus | Paritetal lobe; 'sensory strip' - pain, temperature, touch, proprioception which includes movement, vibration, pressure, relationship in space |
| Supramarginal Gyrus | Paritetal lobe; Formation of written language (phonological storage), reading comprehension |
| Parietal Lobe | (In RH) associated with decision making, emotion and feelings with emphasis on social and personal domain |
| Premotor & Supplementary Motor Areas | Frontal lobe; receive information to integrate, refine, plan and program (think dysarthria and apraxia) |
| Broca's Area | Motor speech programming (think nonfluent aphasias) |
| Temporal Lobe | Herschl’s Gyrus – primary Auditory cortex – appreciating the meaning of sound; Wernicke’s – auditory association, comprehension |
| Occipital Lobe | Primary visual cortex & visual association areas |
| Limbic Lobe | Regulates motivationally driven and emotional behaviors, memory, homeostatic responses and sexual behavior, fight or flight |
| Frontal Association Area | Initiation & integration of purposeful behavior and voluntary movement |
| Parietal Association Area | Discrimination & integration of tactile information |
| Temporal/Auditory Association Area | Discrimination & integration of auditory information |
| Visual Association Area | Discrimination & integration of visual information |
| Basal Ganglia | Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen (corpus striatum) |
| Cerebellum | R & L Hemisphere connected by the vermis |
| Brainstem | Medulla & pons contain nuclei for CN for speech production |
| Midbrain | Waystation for auditory & visual nervous systems and contains the substantia nigra which produces dopamine which aids in motor control and muscle tone |
| Thalamus | Relay station for sensory information to and from the cortex (aphasia) |
| Hypothalamus | Effects of emotional behaviour, regulation of body temp, hunger, sexual & sleep behaviour |
| Wernicke's Aphasia | Temporal left MCA; fluent, difficulties with reading comp. & writing, aud. comp. deficits |
| Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA) | Fluent, L neglect is common, intact repetition, impaired aud. comp. of spoken language, poor reading comp. |
| Conduction Aphasia | Rare, fluent, impaired repetition, word finding deficits |
| Principles of Experience Dependent Plasticity | - use it or lose it - use it and improve it - specificity - repetition matters - intensity matters - time matters - salience (function) matters - age matters - transference plasticity - interference (background noise) |
| Cerebellum Function | Coordination of voluntary movements and balance |
| Basal Ganglia Function | Motor control |
| Brainstem Function | Medulla and pons for speech production |
| Regulation of Body Functions | Midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed |
| Glial Cells Function | Support and protect nerve cells |
| Astrocytes Function | Connective tissue for brain and contribute to blood brain barrier |
| Ependymal Cells Function | Form ventricles and choroid plexus |
| Choroid Plexus Function | Produces cerebrospinal fluid |
| Microglial Cells Function | Remove dead tissue |
| Sundowning | |
| Thrombosis | |
| Ischemic Stroke | A clot blocks blood flow to an area of the brain |
| Types of Strokes | Ischemic and hemorrhagic |
| Adult Aphasia Site of Lesion & Primary Tx Focus | - L hemisphere - language stimulation tx |
| RH Site of Lesion & Primary Tx Focus | - RH damage - cognitive tx |
| TBI Site of Lesion & Primary Tx Focus | - diffuse - cognitive tx |
| Aphasia Site of Lesion & Primary Tx Focus | - l-hemisphere - focal - re-establish motor programming |
| Dysarthria Site of Lesion & Primary Tx Focus | - CNS or PNS (focal or diffuse) - re-establish motor execution |
| Causes of Language Disorders | Anything that affects blood flow to the brain (infection, stroke, dementia, MS, Parkinson's, Huntington's, toxins, brain surgery, heat stroke/exhaustion) |
| Nonfluent Aphasias | - Broca's - Transcortical Motor - Global - Mixed Transcortical |
| Broca's Lesion Site | Inferior Frontal Lobe |
| Broca's Blood Supply | MCA |
| Broca's (AFR) | - good auditory comprehension - impaired fluency - impaired repetition |
| Broca's Relative Strengths | Speech is relevant to the topic |
| Broca's Relative weaknesses | - contralateral hemiplegia - effortful - telegraphic - slow & uneven - confrontational naming - oral reading - writing - monotonous - chance for apraxia & dysarthria |
| Transcortical Motor Lesion Site | Frontal lobe outside Broca's area |
| Transcortical Motor Blood Supply | - Anterior Cerebral artery - MCA |
| Transcortical Motor (AFR) | - good auditory comprehension - impaired fluency - good repetition |
| Transcortical Motor Relative Strengths | - serial speech - reading aloud - motor prompts to initiate speech - over learned speech - echolalia* - perseverative speech* |
| Transcortical Motor Relative Weaknesses | - UE rigidity - LE hemiplegia - buccofacial apraxia - muteness - paraphasic, agrammatic, telegraphic - naming - writing |
| Global Aphasia Site of Lesion | Diffuse; perisylvian region |
| Global Aphasia Blood Supply | MCA |
| Global Aphasia (AFR) | - impaired auditory comprehension - impaired fluency - impaired repetition |
| Global Aphasia Relative Strengths | May be able to interpret body language & gestures |
| Global Aphasia Relative Weaknesses | - strong neurological symptoms - R hemiparesis - sensory loss - apraxia - hemi neglect - fluency, verbal expression, naming, reading, writing |
| Mixed Transcortical Lesion Site | Inferior frontal lobe (isolates Broca's and Wernicke's) |
| Mixed Transcortical Blood Supply | MCA |
| Mixed Transcortical (AFR) | - impaired auditory comprehension - impaired fluency - impaired repetition |
| Mixed Transcortical Relative Strengths | - articulation - automatic speech - echolalia* |
| Mixed Transcortical Relative Weaknesses | - spastic quadriparesis - visual field deficits - limited spontaneous verbal output - reading - writing |
| Fluent Aphasias | - Wernicke's - Transcortical Sensory - Conduction - Anomic |
| Wernicke's Site of Lesion | Posterior superior temporal gyrus |
| Wernicke's Blood Supply | MCA |
| Wernicke's (AFR) | - impaired auditory comprehension - good fluency - impaired repetition |
| Wernicke's Relative Strengths | - prosody - articulation - phrase length - grammar - no paralysis or paresis - lack of frustration |
| Wernicke's Relative Weaknesses | - word finding - writing - reading comprehension - decreased intelligence (paraphasias & neologisms) - unaware of deficit - psychosomatic (depression, suicidal, homicidal) |
| Transcortical Sensory Site of Lesion | Temporal lobe (middle temporal gyrus), sometimes occipital |
| Transcortical Sensory Blood Supply | MCA |
| Transcortical Sensory (AFR) | - impaired auditory comprehension - good fluency - good repetition |
| Transcortical Sensory Relative Strengths | - automatic speech - articulation - phrase length - grammar - intonation/stress - phrase completion - oral reading - echolalia* - writing reflects speech* |
| Transcortical Sensory Relative Weaknesses | - hemiparesis - L neglect - may have sensory loss - semantic substitutions and neologisms - naming - reading comprehension |
| Conduction Site of Lesion | Arcuate fasiculus, possibly supramarginal gyrus or inferior parietal lobe & temporal lobe |
| Conduction Blood Supply | MCA and posterior cerebral artery |
| Conduction (AFR) | - good auditory comprehension - good fluency - impaired repetition |
| Conduction Relative Strengths | - recognition of errors - syntax, prosody & articulation - may be able to identify instead of name - often silently read and comprehend - excellent chance for recovery |
| Conduction Relative Weaknesses | - paraphasias (phonemic) - R face & UE paresis - word finding - naming - buccofacial apraxia |
| Anomic Site of Lesion | (varies) temporoparietal, angular gyrus, MTG |
| Anomic Blood Supply | MCA |
| Anomic (AFR) | - good auditory comprehension - good fluency - good repetition |
| Anomic Relative Strengths | - pointing - circumlocution - syntax & articulation - oral reading - writing |
| Anomic Relative Weaknesses | Naming |
Created by:
rianna.aasen
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