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A&P Chapter 1 Notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | study of structure |
| Physiology | study of function |
| What are the characteristics of life? (there is 5) | growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism |
| Growth | increase in cell size |
| Reproduction | Production of new cells and organisms |
| responsiveness | reaction to a change inside and outside the body |
| movement | change in body position - motion of internal organs |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in a living system - energy production and nutrient cycling |
| Why is needing chemicals a requirement of an organism? | We need food, water and oxygen to survive |
| Why is needing heat a requirement of an organism? | form of energy, helps maintain body temperature, and partly controls rate of metabolic reactions |
| Why is pressure a requirement of an organism - what are the 2 types? | atmospheric pressure - allows us to breathe hydrostatic pressure - keeps our blood flowing |
| Homeostasis | maintenance of a stable internal environment |
| What are the 3 homeostatic mechanisms - what do they do? | Receptor (stimulus) - realizes a change has happened Control Center (usually brain) - compares the change to the body's norm Effectors (muscles or glands) - act out the change - fix it |
| Homeostasis - negative feedback | the change moves the variable the opposite way from the set point and prevents sudden, severe changes in the body |
| Homeostasis - positive feedback | change is intensified instead of reversed, activity of effector is increased/intensified initially and it is short lived. |
| The human body consists of what 2 main portions? | Axial - head, neck and trunk Appendicular - upper and lower limbs |
| What are the major body cavities of the AXIAL Portion? (there is 4) | cranial (brain), vertebral cavity (spinal chord), thoracic (lungs + thoracic visceral organs) and abdominopelvic (abdominal + pelvic visceral organs |
| Major body cavities - Diaphragm | muscle hat separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Major body cavities - Mediastinum | region between the lungs in the thoracic cavity which contains the heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus gland |
| Within the abdominal cavity there are 2 more cavities : what are they? | Abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity |
| In the abdominopelvic cavity which extends from the diaphragm to the top of the pelvis containing the stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine and most of the large intestine? | Abdominal Cavity |
| Which abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed by pelvic bones and contains the end of the large intestine, urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs? | Pelvic Cavity |
| What are the 4 small cavities in the head? | oral, nasal, orbital and middle ear cavities |
| What is lined by double layered serous membrane that secretes serous fluid to prevent friction? | The thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes |
| Does the visceral layer or the parietal layer of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes the INNER LAYER that covers the organ? | Visceral layer |
| Does the visceral layer or the parietal layer of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes the OUTER LAYER that lines the wall of the cavity? | Parietal layer |
| What is anatomical terminology (the position) and why is it important to know? | standing straight up, facing forward, upper limbs at sides with palms facing out - so everyone is on the same page |
| Terms of Relative Position : superior | above/ towards top "eyes are superior to the mouth" |
| Terms of Relative Position : inferior | below "foot is superior to the hip" |
| Terms of Relative Position : anterior or ventral *looking at someone from their side** | towards front "kneecap is anterior to the leg |
| Terms of Relative Position : posterior or dorsal | towards back "ear is anterior to the eyes" |
| Terms of Relative Position : Medial | more towards midline "heart is medial to shoulder" |
| Terms of Relative Position : Lateral | farther away from midline "thumb is lateral to pinky" |
| Terms of Relative Position : Bilateral | both sides "bilateral blindness - blind in both eyes" |
| Terms of Relative Position : ipsilateral | same side of the body "the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg" |
| Terms of Relative Position : contralateral | opposite side of the body "right and left kidney are contralateral to each other |
| Terms of Relative Position : proximal - ONLY USED ON LIMBS | closer to midline "shoulder is proximal to the wrist" |
| Terms of Relative Position : distal - ONLY USED ON LIMBS | farther from midline "wrist is distal to the shoulder" |
| Terms of Relative Position : superficial and deep | superficial - close to surface of skin (papercut) deep - deep in body (gunshot wound) |
| BODY SECTIONS OR PLANES : cut from top to bottom making a right and left half | Sagittal Section |
| BODY SECTIONS OR PLANES : cut to made from left to right to make a top and a bottom | Transverse or horizontal section |
| BODY SECTIONS OR PLANES : cut to make a front and back | Coronal / Frontal Section |
| BODY SECTIONS OR PLANES - ONLY ON A TUBE LIKE STRUCTURE : there are 3 | cross section, oblique section (an angled cross section) and a longitudal section (long axis) |
Created by:
jada.strohman
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