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A&P Chapter 1,2,3,5
Chapter review for 1,2,3,5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Anatomy | What and where it is |
| Define Physiology | how it works |
| List and describe levels of organization | |
| List the systems of the body and major organs in those systems | |
| Describe the characteristics of life | organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution |
| Define metabolism | internal chemical reactions in the living orgnaism |
| What is an anabolic reaction | |
| What is a catabolic reaction | |
| what is homeostasis | |
| what is negative feedback | f |
| what is positive feedback | |
| List scientific method steps | |
| describe elements of a good hypothesis | |
| describe anatomical position | Feet flat, palms and eyes forward |
| describe the 3 anatomical planes/sections | Transverse, Medial/Coronal, Saggital |
| define axial and appendicular | |
| draw and label quadrants and regions of the abdomen | |
| What are the 12 main chemicals that are required for life | C, O, H, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe |
| What are Cations | Positively charged (lost electron) |
| What are anions | Negatively charged (gained electron) |
| what are electrolytes | Salt that ionize in water-can form an electrical current |
| what are free radicals | Odd number of electrons. can cause tissue amage, cancer, aging death. Neutrolized by antioxidants |
| What is a polar and non polar molecule | Polar:electrons are shared equally Non-Polar: Electrons are not shared equally |
| What are the major types of chemical bonds | Ionic:between anoid and cation Covalent: sharing one or more pair of electrons Hydrogen Vander Wall Forces |
| Define hydrophobic | afraid of water-does not dissolve and is Non-Polar |
| Define hydrophyllic | likes water and dissolves in it. Must be polarized or charged |
| Explain how acids and bases affect pH of solutions | |
| Recognize examples of common acids and bases | |
| List the 4 types of biological macromolecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acids |
| Explain the monomer-polymer structure of an organic macromolecule | |
| Explain decomposition/condensation/dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis/cleavage reactions | |
| Recognize examples of anabolic/catabolic reactions in the body | |
| List the building blocks of each of the 4 major biological macromolecules | |
| Recognize the major monosaccharides and disaccharides, and describe their properties | |
| List and describe the properties of the three polysaccharides important to humans | |
| List and describe examples of conjugated carbohydrates | |
| Describe the properties and composition of lipids | |
| List and describe 6 types of lipids | |
| Compare saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats | |
| Explain the difference between fats, oils and trans-fats | |
| Describe the functions of fats in the body | |
| Draw and label a phospholipid | |
| Explain the two types of structures that phospholipids can form in water | |
| List examples of steroids and describe their functions in the body | |
| Describe some negative effects of anabolic steroid use | |
| Compare “good” and “bad” cholesterol | |
| Draw and label a typical amino acid | |
| Define peptide bond | |
| Compare conformation and denaturation of proteins | |
| Draw and describe the four levels of protein structure | |
| Contrast fibrous and globular proteins | |
| Describe the interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein | |
| Describe enzymes and explain how they work | |
| Recall what it means to be a catalyst | |
| Recognize actions of enzymes | |
| Describe how enzymes are regulated | |
| Describe the nucleic acids, their functions and their building blocks | |
| Draw and label a typical nucleotide | |
| List the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA and 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA | |
| Describe the structure of ATP and its significance in the body | |
| Compare and contrast DNA and RNA | |
| Explain how compartmentalization of cells relates to the complexity of an organism | |
| Draw and label the components of a typical cell, including the organelles. | |
| Define selective permeability | |
| Describe the structure of a plasma membrane – which portions are hydrophyllic and hydrophobic? | |
| Explain why a plasma membrane can be described as a “fluid-mosaic” | |
| Draw and label the components of a plasma membrane | |
| List the 6 types of membrane proteins and describe their functions | Transport protein-allows for selective passage Enzymes-Catalyze reactions Receptor proteins-binding site for channel messages Recognition-cell to cell ID Intercellular binding-cell adhesion Attachment-cell to enviornment around it |
| Describe the structure and function of the: glycocalyx, microvilli, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles, ribosomes, rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes,mitochondrianucleus, | Glycocalyx-fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane. Protection, defense, fertilization. Microvilli-Extensions of membrane. Increase surface area. Cytoskeleton-Protection and maintains shape Cilia-cell mobility hair like on plasma membrane Flagella-on |
| Explain the significance of surface-to-volume ratio | |
| List the three components of the cytoplasm | |
| Explain the significance of nuclear pores and list things that might move through the pores | |
| Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope | |
| Recall the function of a nucleolus | |
| Describe the components of chromatin | |
| Compare multinucleate and anucleate cells | |
| Describe the process of protein synthesis | |
| List the organs of the body that would have abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum | |
| Name an organ of the body that would have abundant mitochondria | |
| Explain why there would be an abundance of peroxisomes associated with the liver | |
| Explain the significance of the endomembrane system | |
| Describe cellular respiration | |
| Compare mitochondria and bacteria | |
| Contrast active and passive transport | |
| Explain movement up and down a concentration gradient | |
| List and describe: filtration, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, carrier-mediated | |
| transport, active transport | |
| List the factors that affect diffusion | |
| Recall what types of substances move across a plasma membrane by simple diffusion | |
| Recall what types of substances move across a plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion | |
| Explain in which direction water will move if there are more solutes inside a cell verses outside | |
| Define osmolarity and tonicity | Molarity- grams/mole |
| Compare and contrast hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic | |
| Explain what happens when a cell is placed in hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions | |
| Explain why IV saline is given to patients instead of water alone | |
| Explain saturation and specificity of membrane transport proteins | |
| Describe uniport, symport and antiport carriers | |
| Explain what would happen physiologically if a human drank seawater or distilled water | |
| Describe the function of the Na+-K+ pump | |
| List and describe the processes of vesicular transport | |
| List the four primary tissue types | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| Describe the properties and functions of epithelial tissue | |
| Contrast simple and stratified epithelium | |
| List the three shapes of epithelial tissue | |
| Draw and describe each type of epithelium and where it is located in the body | |
| Explain the function of cilia and goblet cells in pseudostratified epithelium | |
| Compare the structure and location of non-keratinized and keratinized epithelium | |
| Define exfoliation | |
| Explain the significance of transitional epithelium | |
| List the functions of connective tissue | |
| Name the fibrous, supportive and fluid connective tissues | |
| Draw and describe the types of connective tissues, their functions and locations | |
| List which types of tissues are vascular and avascular/non-vascular | |
| List the types of cells found in the various connective tissues | |
| Explain which types of tissues are slow to heal and why | |
| Explain what makes a tissue “excitable” and list the excitable tissues | |
| Draw and label a neuron | |
| List the functions of muscles | |
| Compare and contrast cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle | |
| Name the locations of the three types of muscle tissue | |
| Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands | |
| Name some organs that have both endocrine and exocrine function | |
| Draw and describe a typical exocrine gland | |
| Define parenchyma | |
| Name the locations of goblet cells | |
| Name the substance secreted by goblet cells | |
| Contrast simple and compound glands | |
| List the types exocrine glands and describe their secretions | |
| Explain the methods of exocrine secretion: holocrine, apocrine and merocrine | |
| List and describe the fibers of connective tissues | |
| Describe the ground substance of fibrous connective tissue | |
| Explain the locations in the body of cutaneous, serous, mucous and synovial membranes | |
| Describe connective tissue disorders: Marfan’s syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, | |
| osteogenesis imperfect and scurvy | |
| Compare differentiation and metaplasia | |
| Explain three types of tissue growth | |
| Contrast embryonic and adult stem cells | |
| Explain the processes of atrophy, necrosis and apoptosis | |
| Compare the two ways in which tissues are repaired | |
| List and describe the processes of tissue repair | |
| Describe a bioreactor in tissue engineering | |
| Define mutation, carcinogen, mutagen, cancer, tumor | |
| Compare benign, malignant and metastatic tumors | |
| List the causes of cancer | |
| Explain the ways in which our body defends itself against cancer | |
| Explain the actions of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes | |
| Describe the effects of cancer in the body | |
| What decomposes fatty acids, detoxifies alcohol, free radicals, and drugs? | Peroxisomes |
| What requires the use of energy? | Active transport |
| The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has ________ which are specalized for absorption of nutrients | Microvilli |
| T/F The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion | True |
| The sodium-potassium pump transport both sodium and potassium _____ their concentration gradient in a process called______ | Up, Active trasnsport |
| The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its _________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in _______ | Osmolarity; tonicity |
| _______ synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on proteins synthesized at ________ | Golgi Complex; Rough ER |
| Muscle cells contain numerous______to serve their high demand for ATP | Mitochondria |
| White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of _____________ | phagocytosis |
| T/F In the plasma membrane, gylcolipids and glycoprotiens face towards the cytoplasm, while peripheral protein always face towards the ECG | False |
| Where are cuboidal cells found | Liver cells |
| What moves fluid or cells? | Cillia |
| What are aquaporins | Membrane channels that allow water to cross a membrane |
| What is Countertransport | Antiport in opposite direction without ATP |
| What is exocytosis | release of materials from inside a cell to the outside |
| What is vesticular transport | Moving large particles and fluid droplets across a cell membrane |
| What controls cellular activity | Nucleus |
| What is Chromatin | DNA plus Protiens |
| What do Rhibosomes do? | Read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into protiens |
| What do Lysosome do? | Digest and dispose of work out mitochondria by a process called autophagy |
| What does the Smooth ER do? | Synthesize lypids |
| What are Proteosomes | Break down cell. Located in the Cytoplasm and Nuclues |
Created by:
kschwarz
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