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Final A&P 2
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phases of uterine cycle | Menstruation: day 1-5, layer comes off Proliferative: day 6-14, new endometrium layer formed Secretory (luteal phase): 15-28 egg is expelled to be fertilized (ovulation) |
| term that describes appearance of genitalia | phenotype |
| days of ovarian cycle that include luteal phase | Follicular: days 1-13 Ovulation: day 14 Luteal: days 15-28 |
| name of follicle that has largest volume of antrum | Mature follicle |
| false statement about spermatogenesis | FALSE: begins at birth and continues throughout a man's life Starts at puberty for males |
| name of region on Y chromosome that initiates nail development | SRY |
| name of structure that contains external urethral orifice | Glans |
| name of gland that is encircling urethra | Prostate gland |
| menarche definition | First menstrual cycle |
| structures of male reproductive tract from epididymis to urethra | Epididymis → ductus def → ampulla → ejaculatory duct → urethra |
| how many sperm cells produced during meiosis | 4 |
| stage during which primary oocytes are arrested | Prophase 1 |
| name of 2 triangular areas in perineum | Urogenital triangle, anal triangle Quizlet: does NOT take urethral orifice in males |
| name of sperm cell structure that holds nucleus | head |
| name of duct that develops into female duct system | paramesonephric |
| name of structure that receives sperm from seminiferous | Rete testis |
| week of development when you start seeing external genitalia | 20 |
| phase of ovarian cycle when progesterone levels are high | Luteal |
| changes seen in woman’s body during menopause | Reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone |
| structure in male and homologous female labia majora (what is the labia majora in men) | scrotum |
| in general, how many cells are expected in meiosis | 4 daughter cells Haploid cells |
| gamete production in male vs female | Both produced by gonads Male: large numbers of sperm released per ejaculation; until death. More eggs and smaller Female: one egg per month; until menopause. One egg and larger |
| name of structure formed after ovulation | Corpus luteum |
| name of structure that holds fimbriae | infundibulum |
| cells that produce inhibin in females | Granulosa cells; follicular cells |
| name of first tube where sperm cells are made | Seminiferous tubules |
| compare mitosis and meiosis | Mitosis produces somatic cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells Meiosis produces sex (gamete) cells that are genetically different from the parent cell |
| what is reduction division (what is reduced) | Reduces the number of chromosomes passed on to daughter cells by one-half |
| name of opening of cervix in vagina | External os (orifice) |
| what happens to ductus deferens during orgasm | Undergoes peristalsis and the internal urethral sphincter of the bladder contracts |
| layers of GI tract that contain nerve plexuses | Submucosa and muscularis |
| function of villi | Increase surface area in small intestine |
| function of nucleosidase | Breaks bond between sugar and nitrogenous base of nucleoside |
| name of hormone that is produced when there is fat in chyme and function of it | CCK, causes gallbladder to release bile |
| statement describing sphincter in general | Thickening of circular layer of muscularis that controls movement of materials through GI tract |
| what us NOT part of large intestine wall | Villi You will find - goblet cells, lymphoid nodules, interstitial glands and simple columnar epithelium |
| what are lacteals | Absorb products of fat digestion |
| name of openings from oral cavity to oropharynx | fauces |
| name of peritoneal folds that holds large intestine | mesocolon |
| lingual salivary glands and how they are classified structure-wise | Unicellular exocrine glands |
| what is found in portal triad 3 structures (in liver at each love corner) | Branches of hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Hepatic duct |
| location where proteolytic (digests proteins produced by pancreas) are activated | Within lumen of small intestine |
| first sight digestion of proteins starts | In the stomach |
| name of salivary glands that produces most of saliva | submandibular |
| place layers of GI tract from mucosa to serosa | Mucosa → submucosa → muscularis → adventitia/serosa |
| male female which will have more or less water | Men have higher percentage (60%), females have 50% |
| Patient has diabetes mellitus, the patient is sweating and has low ADH, what will you see in the patient? | Severe dehydration |
| Patient has severe diarrhea, what kind of changes in the blood pH? | Metabolic acidosis |
| Person has hyperventilarion, CO2 concentration decreases, what changes will you see in the blood pH | Increase in blood pH |
| Patient is running and drank a lot of water before, what will see in the patient? (water/salt imbalance) | Hypotonic hydration |
| Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on afferent arterioles and mesangial cells | a. Vasodilate the afferent arterioles b. Relax the mesangial cells |
| Effect of the low blood pressure on the thirst center in the brain | Thirst center will be activated |
| Most representative/abundant anion in extracellular space | chloride |
| Units which are used to measure osmotic pressure | Milli equivalent per liter |
| Relative location of the right kidney compared to left kidney and why do we have those differences | The right kidney is often situated slightly lower due to the presence of the liver |
| Order of blood vessels from renal artery to interlobular | Renal ArterySegmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobar arteries Afferent arterioles Glomerular capillaries Efferent arterioles. Peritubular capillaries Interlobular veins Arcuate veins Interlobar veins. Segmental veins. Renal vein |
| Layers around the kidney | Innermost to outermost i. Fibrous capsule ii. Perinephric fat (adipose capsule) iii. Renal fascia iv. Paranephric fat (paranephric body) |
| How is glucose reabsorbed in the kidneys | What kind of transport i. Sodium glucose symport |
| Where do we have highest percent of sodium reabsorbed in the kidneys | Location i. Proximal tubule |
| Tubular glomerular feedback | a. Afferent tubule will constrict b. Efferent tubule will dilate c. Due to increased sodium concentration |
| Effect sympathetic stimulation on granular cells in kidney | a. Increase production of renin b. Contraction of mesangial cells |
| Net filtration pressure | a. Hydrostatic pressure blood (glomerulus) - osmotic pressure of glomerulus at hydrostatic pressure |
| Mechanism of moving urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder | a. Peristaltic waves of smooth muscle contraction |
| What would be the reaction of granular cells to sympathetic stimulation | a. They contract when stimulated by sympathetic stimulation |
| What is the counter current multiplier | a. A positive feedback mechanism that involves the nephron loop and is partially responsible for establishing the salt concentration gradient within the interstitial fluid b. Fluid will be moving in opposite direction |
| How capsular hydrostatic pressure is related to the glomerular hydrostatic pressure | a. Capsular hydrostatic pressure is always lower than glomerular hydrostatic pressure b. Increased capsular hydrostatic pressure we will decrease glomerular filtration |
| Location of tracheal muscles | a.Between esophagus and trachea |
| Which gases will trigger hyperventilation | a. carbon dioxide |
| How we divide respiratory system into upper and lower respiratory tract | a. Structural b. Epiglottis |
| What is physiologic and anatomic dead space | Anatomical:Volume of air in the respiratory tract that conducts air to the alveoli but doesn't participate in gas exchange. Phys:Total dead spaceanatomical dead space plus alveolar dead space (where respiratory zone doesn't participate in gas exchange) |
| What is the maximum voluntary ventilation | a. Greatest amount of air that can be taken in and expelled in 1 minute |
| Structure which is controlling or routing movement of the air and food | a. Epiglottis part of larynx |
| Type of epithelium you will find in terminal bronchioles | a. Simple ciliated cuboidal |
| Why you will have difficulty breathing after having large meal | Simple purely mechanical i. Full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm |
| Structures in conducting portion of the respiratory system Alveoli is NOT apart of the conducting portion | Apart of conducting portion - Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles |
| Bones that contain paranasal sinuses | a.Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Maxillary bone |
| Which part of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium | a. Nasopharynx |
| Cells producing surfactant | a. Type II alveolar cells |
| Which bronchus most likely to be the site where you will find foreign objects | a. Right primary bronchus |
| Changes in the thoracic cavity volume and pressure during breathing | How do they change i. Exhalation: volume decreases and pressure increases ii. Inhalation: volume increases and pressure decreases |
| Percent of oxygen which is transported by hemoglobin | a.98% |
| Molecule which is used to make steroid hormones | a. cholesterol |
| Targets for FSH | a. ovaries and testes |
| Name of the signaling type when chemical is released from one cell is bound to the receptor of neighboring cell | a. Paracrine stimulation |
| Down regulation and up regulation (hormones) | Down regulation: decreased receptors sensitivity to hormones and blood levels of hormones are high ii. Up regulation: increased receptors sensitivity to hormones and blood levels of hormones are low |
| Effects of growth hormone | a. Growth hormone (GH) increases glucose production through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis from the liver and kidney. GH also suppresses glucose uptake and glucose oxidation. |
| What is chemotaxis | a. The ability of organisms to move toward or away from specific chemicals |
| Why T lymphocytes are also named as cell mediated immunity | a. Because they are effective against the antigen within the cell and requires antigen presenting cell |
| Which part of antibody binds to antigen | a. Variable regions specifically loops between beta-pleated sheets (complementary determining region) |
| How immunity can be transferred from mother to child | a.Natural passive immunity b. Antibodies passing through the placenta c. Antibodies through the breast milk |
| Difference between passive and active immunity | a. Passive: can be received from an individual b. Active: direct encounter with the substance |
| Changes in leukocytes that will be present in the older patient | a. Decreased number of leukocytes |
| Why do red blood cells are named formed elements and not a cell | a. They lack a nucleus and cellular organelles |
| Third and final phase of hemostasis | a. coagulation |
| Percent which is made by blood plasma | a. 55% |
| Most representative plasma protein | albumin |
| Percent of proteins made by globulins | about 37% |
| First phase of hemostasis | a. Vascular spasm |
| Origin of granulocytes | a. Myeloid stem cells |
| Most common type of acid base imbalance | Respiratory acidosis |
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sandovalwendy2512
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