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long exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Visceral Senses | structures and mechanisms that detect changes in our internal environment (increase in BP, decrease in glucose, etc.) |
| Somatic Senses | simple structures with uncomplicated detection mechanisms (touch, temperature, pain, itch, proprioception) The signals they generate are integrated into consciousness |
| Analgesia | loss of ability to feel pain ONLY, pain relief |
| Anesthesia | loss of ability to sense all sensations, including pain |
| Muscle Spindles | help detect muscle length to protect against excessive stretching muscle (activation cause muscle to contract) |
| Golgi Tendon Organs | collagen strands within tendons activated by muscle tension to protect against potentially damaging muscle tension (activation causes relaxation) |
| Nerves for taste signals | Cranial nerve VII- Facial, anterior 2/3 of tongue Cranial nerve IX- Glossopharyngeal, posterior 1/3 of tongue Cranial nerve X- Vagus, throat & epiglottis |
| Sense of Smell | Olfactory senses |
| Hearing | a special sense that is the conscious perception of sound waves via the Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) |
| External Ear | begins laterally with the pinna, about 2.5 cm of the external auditory canal, to the tympanic membrane (eardrum). Cerumen (ear wax) is a pasty secretion produced by the sebaceous & apocrine glands to lubricate & protect via it's antimicrobial properties. |
| Lacrimal Glands | The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist plus contains antibodies & lysozyme; also called tear glands; located inside each orbit above the lateral canthus |
| Lens of the Eye | flattened spheroid composed of many layers of stretched elastic fibers; it is suspended by minute suspensory ligaments in the anterior portion of the eyeball; the ciliary body adjusts the shape of the lens |
| Rods (1 out of 2 photoreceptors) | sensitive to light but low resolution, concentrated in the periphery; many rods convey their signals to a few bipolar cells to a single ganglion cell |
| Cones (1 of 2 photoreceptors) | sense color but require bright light; high resolution vision; in the fovea centralis; a single cone passes its signal through a single bipolar cell to a single ganglion cell |
| Rhodospin | the photoreceptor protein in rods that is activated by light of any wavelength (color). In the presence of light, rod cells hyperpolarize, bipolar cells depolarize, & ganglion cells fire APs. |
| Fovea Centralis | 1 mm in diameter in the center of the macula lutea that is the site of sharpest vision; densely packed with the most sensitive photoreceptor cells. |
| Pineal Gland | about the size of a coffee bean & sits on top of the midbrain; secretes melatonin in the absence of light to promote sleepiness & maintain the sleep cycle |
| Medulla Oblongata | lowest portion of the brainstem & connects directly to the spinal cord; composed of mostly S/M tracts; controls life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, BP, touch, vibration, swallowing, coughing, sneezing & hiccupping via its nuclei |
| Brachial Plexus | C5-T1 nerves serves the upper limbs, some neck, & shoulder muscles |
| Lumbar Plexus | L1-L4 nerves serves the abdominal wall, parts of the lower limbs, & the external genitalia |
| Coccygeal nerve | C o-the most caudal of the spinal nerves |
| Hypothalamus | Interior & anterior to thalamus; 12 nuclei that regulate core veg. functions (body temp, H2O balance, hunger, sex drive) governs the autonomic nerv sys & diurnal rhythm (waking/sleeping) serves an endocrine role secreting hormones |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations, "Fight or Flight"; postganglionic neurons induce their effects by releasing the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine |
| Terminal Ganglion | second (postganglionic) neuron in the parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system; lies very close to or actually within the target tissues |
| Occipitofrontalis (frontal & occipital belly) | raises eyebrows & pulls back scalp |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids |
| Nasalis | brings side of the nose down |
| Zygomaticus | Smiling |
| Orbicularis oris | Closes lips |
| Depressor labii inferioris | Depresses lower lip |
| Mentalis | Pouting |
| Depressor anguli oris | Frowning |
| Buccinator Muscle | Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that flattens the cheeks (smiling, pushes food against molars, whistling, wind instruments) |
| Risorius | Grinning |
| External Intercostals | Elevates ribs during inhalation |
| Internal Intercostals | Depresses ribs; active exhalation |
| Smiling Muscle | Zygomaticus |
| Characteristics of Smooth Muscle | involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus; contract as a single unit (via gap junctions); walls of blood vessels & visceral organs; moves substances through a system; calcium acts on myosin, not actin; slow contraction & relaxation |
| Source of Calcium in Smooth Muscle | influx from the extracellular fluid |
| Source of Calcium in Skeletal Muscle | Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cell |
| Effect of Exercise on Muscles | Exercise improves the power & endurance of skeletal muscle. |
| Myoglobin | an iron-containing compound that stores O2 used to generate energy for muscle contraction |
| Glycolysis | breakdown of gluc into pyruvate; fastest to create ATP; occurs in cytosol of mus cells; pyruvate can be source of ATP convert to lactic acid; 2 ATP from bl gluc (costs 1 ATP to convert bl gluc into glucose-6-phosphate) 3 ATP per gluc derived from glycogen |
| Middle Ear | chamber between the eardrum and cochlea contains 3 tiny bones (ossicles- Malleus, Incus, Stapes) that concentrate the eardrum's vibrations on the cochlea's oval window |
| Mechanoreceptors | Tactile receptors that detect touch & pressure; they are activated when a mechanic force pushes or stretches the cell |
| proprioceptors | sense the degree of muscle stretch or contraction & the angle of body joint |
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_alykat_
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